June 7, 1919 



HORTICULTURE 



555 



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by the disease deteriorates even be- 

 fore the death of the tree in that ties 

 cut from such trees, will not hold 

 spikes as well as do those from unin- 

 fected trees. 



"Any chestnut that Is allowed to 

 stand until the disease kills the tree 

 will be a dead loss." 



The chestnut growth of the state be- 

 gins in the Rerkshires in the western 

 part of the state, skips the Connecti- 

 cut valley and then continues through 

 central Massachusetts and east into 

 parts of Norfolk and Middlesex coun- 

 ties. The infection is general. 



Sound chestnut lumber, which can 

 only be obtained before the disease 

 has made any headway on the trees, is 

 used in bridge and building construc- 

 tion, for railroad ties, and in the manu- 

 facture of agricultural implements, 

 boxes and crates, furniture, house fin- 

 ish and stair work, slack cooperage 

 and toys. 



The last pamphlet issued by the 

 state forester on the subject relates 

 that the disease is caused by a fungus 

 parasite known as Diaporthe Parasit- 

 ica Murrill and supposed to have been 

 brought to this country with the Japan- 

 ese chestnut. It was first recognized 

 as a serious disease in the vicinity of 

 New York city in 1904. 



Tiny spores of the fungus gain en- 

 trance into any part of the trunk or 

 limbs and cause spreading sores or 

 lesions. If the part attacked happens 

 to be the trunk the tree is often killed 

 in a season. If branches are attacked 

 only those branches are killed and the 

 remainder of the tree may survive for 

 several years. 



The fungus girdles a trunk or limb, 

 grows through the bark and sometimes 

 covers it with reddish-brown pustules, 

 which produce spores. The leaves 

 change color and soon wither. The 

 tree fights gamely and as the disease 

 progresses sends out its defiance in 

 the form of green sprouts on the trunk 

 and near the base, but these in turn 

 have to succumb to the deadly fungus, 

 which slowly sucks out the life of the 

 tree to live in temporary and parasiti- 

 cal luxury. 



The disease, the pamphlet says, is 

 spread by the spores of the fungus, mi- 



croscopic "dust-like" bodies like seeds, 

 spread by rain to other parts of the in- 

 fected tree and carried by insects, 

 birds and rodents to other trees. The 

 disease attacks only living chestnut 

 trees and apparently leaves others 

 alone. 



MAGNOLIAS IN THE ARNOLD 

 ARBORETUM 



Several of the American magnolias 

 trees are in bloom in the group on the 

 right-hand side of the Jamaica Plain 

 gate. Unlike most of the Asiatic spe- 

 cies the American Magnolias flower 

 after the appearance of the leaves; 

 they are hardy and handsome trees. 

 A hundred and fifty years ago letters 

 of English plant lovers written to 

 their American correspondents con- 

 tained many appeals for Magnolia 

 plants and seeds, and in the early 

 years of the nineteenth century these 

 trees were to be found in the princi- 

 pal collections of plants in the middle 

 states. To the present generation 

 they are almost unknown, and it is 

 only in a few American nurseries that 

 an occasional plant of one or two of 

 the species can be found. There are 

 six of these Magnolias, but one of 

 them, M. pyramidata, grows only in 

 the extreme southeastern corner of 

 Alabama and adjacent Florida, and 

 would not be hardy here. Of the other 

 species, the so-called Mountain Mag- 

 nolia, M. Fraseri, is the first to open 

 its flowers in the Arboretum. It is a 

 small tree rarely more than forty feet 

 high, with an open head of long 

 branches, leaves often a foot in length 

 and deeply divided at the base, and 

 creamy white, sweet-scented flowers 

 eight or ten inches in diameter and 

 very conspicuous as they stand well 

 above the crowded leaves at the ends 

 of the branches. This Magnolia is a 

 native of the southern Appalachian 

 Mountain region, and, although it has 

 not been found growing north of south- 

 eastern Virginia, is perfectly hardy in 

 eastern Massachusetts. The next to 

 flower is M. cordata which for several 

 days has been covered with its cup- 

 shaped, bright canary yellow flowers 

 unlike in color those of any other 



Magnolia. There is an interesting 

 story connected with this tree. It was 

 discovered toward the end of the eight- 

 eenth century by the French botanist 

 and traveler, Michaux, on one of his 

 journeys from Charleston, South Caro- 

 lina, up the valley of the Savannah 

 River to the high Carolina Mountains. 

 By Michaux it was introduced into 

 French gardens where it flourished. 

 For more than a century every at- 

 tempt to rediscover this tree failed, 

 and it is only within the last five or 

 six years that it was found by the 

 Berckmans Brothers growing in the 

 woods not many miles distant from 

 Augusta, Georgia, where plants only a 

 few feet high flower profusely. Grafts 

 from Michaux's trees, however, pre- 

 served this tree in cultivation, and the 

 plants in the Arboretum were raised 

 from grafts taken from old trees in the 

 Harvard Botanic Garden for which they 

 were imported from Europe probably 

 when the garden was laid out, that is, 

 more than a century ago or not long 

 after Michaux had discovered and in- 

 troduced this tree. — Arboretum Bulle- 

 tin. 



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