26 



HARDWOOD RECORD 



precaution agaiust the importation of infected nursery stock and the 

 prevention of the spread of some of the insect and fungous diseases, 

 planting of most of our desirable hardwoods should be successful. 

 It is a notable and promising fact that hardwoods are less suscepti- 

 ble to disease and injury by insects thau the conifers. 



Adaptability to soil and climate are apparently important. For 

 instance, red gum and Cottonwood must have a moist soil, catalpa 

 must have a deep fertile soil and cannot endure severe winters, and 

 red oak and chestnut must have a fairly well drained and fertile 

 soil. It is the province of our technically trained foresters to study 

 the habit and growth and requirements of each tree so that on a 

 given site we may know what trees should be planted and what re- 

 sults may be expected under those conditions. 



We have only to' look to some of the European countries, and 

 Germany in particidar, to see what splendid success has been at- 

 tained by their work of artificial reforestation by planting. They 

 have even introduced a number of rapidly growing American species, 

 such as black locust, catalpa, white ash, and yellow poplar, and some 

 splendid plantations can now be found in various parts of Germany. 



It is obvious that reforestation will become a profitable venture 

 only when market conditions justify it and with the increase in value 

 of some of our highest priced woods, more hardwoods will be planted. 

 New York, which has now over 16,000.000 seedlings in its state 

 nurseries and which distributes them at cost to lumbermen and 

 others interested in planting work, is now engaged in raising red 

 oak, white ash, and yellow poplar along with white, red, and Scotch 

 pine on a large scale. "vVith red oak closely following white oak 

 in demand and prices, and white ash and yellow poplar meeting wider 

 uses in our wood-using industries, they will be planted more and more, 

 not only by the federal and state forest organizations, bu^t also by 

 luuilicr companies, railroads, anil private organizations. 



The cost of raising and planting seedlings varies with the species 

 used, their age and the condition and location of the ground where 

 planted. Under average conditions one or two year stock is used. 

 These can be raised in a nursery for from $3 to $5 per thousand. 

 Transportation and planting costs from $4 to $6 per thousand. 



It has been demonstrated that spacing in rows 6 by 6 feet apart 

 has given the best results. This means 1,210 trees per acre. In 

 the final stand this number will be reduced to between 150 and 

 200, but such a large number is used at the start so that the trees 

 will grow tall, straight, and symmetrical, and will yield clear lumber 

 through the pruning of the lower limbs. The average cost per acre 

 at present therefore wiU run from about $8 to $10 to establish a 

 plantation. This is not taking the cost of the land into consideration. 

 Timber lands that are not valuable for agriculture or without a 

 valuable stand of trees on them have only a nominal value and can 

 be appraised at only from $1 to $3 per acre. 



Owing to the fact that reforestation in this country is still largely 

 in an experimental stage as far as results are concerned, it is prob- 

 lematical as to the exact yields that may be expected. However, it 

 has been definitely determined that with several species a merchantable 

 ]iroduct may be expected in from thirty to fifty years, depending 

 upon the species and the kind of products desired. Catalpa and 

 black locust posts have been grown in ten years. Yields as high as 

 l.j.OOO feet board measure have been obtained in twenty-five years. 

 With proper care and attention planted timber will grow a great 

 deal more rapidly than under virgin or natural conditions. In Ger- 

 many it is estimated that under scientific methods of forestry prac- 

 tice, many species can be made to grow from one and one-third to 

 one and two-thirds times as fast as in the virgin state; and in this 

 country our native trees grow naturally more rapidly than those iu 

 Europe. X. C. B. 



' \i:>5Bii;i;am^wt(a}OitwMtbsti>ig^K)t^^ 



Rip-Saw Work 



Efficiency in rip saw work is just as important as elliciency in 

 saw milling, planer work or any other machine woodworking, and 

 it is now a larger subject thau formerly by virtue of the simple 

 fact that the rip-saw is entering more extensively into the work 

 of manufacturing and refining lumber. The rip-saw enters into 

 the manufacturing and utiliza- 

 tion of lumber as a single side 

 edger, as a gang edger, as a 

 plain hand feed and power feed 

 rip-saw, and iu the factory at 

 times as a sort of universal ma- 

 chine. 



Where there is any quantity ' 

 of work to be done it is a waste 

 of time and energy to fool along 

 with a hand feed rip-saw. The 

 power feed machine is inestim- 

 ably faster, and if the power 

 feed rig has a roller both iu 

 front and back of the saw it is 

 an unusually safe device for the 

 operator to handle. 



There is shown in connection 

 herewith a view of. a good type 

 of power feed rip-saw working 

 hardwood. The main object in 

 offering this picture is to illus- 

 trate the subject of auxiliary at- 

 tachments to the ordinary rip- 

 saw table to get increased efficiency, to make the work safer and 

 better. In front of this machine to the right of the picture is an 

 infeeding table rest that supports the ends of long boards and re- 

 lieves the sawyer from having to hold them up while they are 



)M)\Vi;i! FEELI lUl'S.WV 



feeding into the macliine, while back of the machine is another 

 table which supports the outfeeding ends in a similar manner. The 

 tables are made portable so that in case there is a run of short 

 stock they can be moved out of the way, or for extra long stock 

 they can be moved back a space so as to support the additional 



length. In this instance the 

 back table is a little lower than 

 it need be. An outfeeding table 

 should be just low enough for 

 the stock to pass on to it easily 

 from the saw table, for if it is 

 too low it fails in its mission, 

 which is to support the ends of 

 the stock feeding out and pre- 

 vent the weight of the outer end 

 making a lever of the stock and 

 tends to lift the weight of the 

 feed rolls. 



The different local require- 

 ments call for variations in the 

 arrangement of auxiliary tables, 

 but in some form or another 

 these can nearly always be used 

 advantageously in connection 

 with rip saws. It is simply a 

 matter of, putting in the rip-saw 

 in practically the same way the 

 average mill gang edgers are in- 

 stalled, with tables in front and 

 back, with the difference that the auxiliary tables on the rip-saw 

 are made ])ortable. They can be moved away for convenience in 

 working short stock. They enable one to get a greater efficiency 

 out of the rip-saw, and they help make rip-saw work less dangerous. 



