24 



HARDWOOD RECORD 



average iii some otlier regions wliere much wood is used. In Vermont 

 the average cost of all wood delivered at the factories is $19.84 

 jier thousand. The averages in certain other states follow: Texas 

 $11.30, Arkansas $11.49, Louisiana $11.64, Mississippi $12.22, Ala- 

 bama $12.24, North Carolina $13.83. The cost of the raw material 

 in most of the New England states does not differ much from the 

 cost in Vermont. In New Hampshire it is $19.29, Maine $20.18, 

 Connecticut $25.82. In the great wood-manufacturing states of Illi- 

 nois and Michigan the cost is $28.7(5 for the former and $23.12 for 

 the latter. 



In jiroportiou to area and jiupulation Vermont is a large manu- 

 facturer of woods commodities. It is likewise a large producer of 

 raw material. Its forests contain both hardwoods and softwoods in 

 abundance, and the mills cut enough of each kind to supply the 

 state's industries, with some to spare; but much wood is brought into 

 the state to be further manufactured. The total quantity used 

 during the year was 207,262,376 feet. More than one-third' of it 

 was red spruce, nearly one-fifth was white pine, while soutliern 

 yellow pine and hemlock were demanded in considerable quantities. 



The most important hardwoods, named in the order of the quanti- 

 ties used, were sugar maple, yellow birch, beech, chestnut, red oak, 

 basswood, paper birch, black ash, aspen, white oak, white ash, yellow 

 poplar, and white or gray elm. One-eighth of all the wood used by 

 manufacturers in the state was sugar or hard maple. It is, therefore, 

 apparent that the Vermont people are not setting apart all their 

 maple for sugar making. Yellow birch is in nearly as great demand 

 as maple. 



The amount of wood used by the several industries, the average and 

 the total cost, and the per cent grown in and out of the state are 

 sliown in the following table: « 



SlMJIAIIV IIV IXDI'STIIIKS OF Ai.h WOOD USED IX VkKMOXT 



Qu.intity Average Total Grown in 



— used annually — cost per coPt f. o. b. Vermont 



Industries — Feet B. M. I'er cent 1.000 ft. factory IVr cent 



Planing mill products. S3,G20.730 41..",1 .$20.;i4 $l.T41.:!:i0.07 .li.^i; 



Boxes 40,690,000 10.04 17.50 71LM7."i.N:i :;0.1.". 



Miscellaneous 23,702,90C. 11.44 19.44 4«0.V1L'.01 OO.'.M) 



Woodenwarc Il,.'i9n,000 5.50 16.47 187.7.S.-i..so i;.-..4s 



Furniture 8,770,915 4.24 27.2S 2:«).572.79 57.]--' 



Chairs 7,987,126 3.85 18,08 :40.2;;5.s:f 75. (;i 



Sash, doors, blinds 



and Kenl. millwork. 7.451.000 :!.59 26.17 194.9.SS.05 42.(i!i 



Tanks anil silos 7,."i54,000 3.53 20.12 147,974.75 (!.0S 



Shuttles, spools and 



bobbins .•i.065,500 1,48 13.18 40,417.50 97.72 



Refrigerators 2.001,774 1.25 19.80 51,517.01 51.84 



Car construction 1,980,800 .96 26.11 51,724.50 21.91 



riandles 1.527,300 .74 23.45 35,826.00 100.00 



Toys 1,495,985 .72 16.64 24,894.63 83.29 



Vehicles '. . . 1.112,500 .54 20.72 23,053.53 99.15 



Laundry appliances.. 093,000 .33 ^2.30 13,456.38 100.00 



Brushes 641,000 .31 1'4.5S 9,344.00 100.00 



Agricultural imple- 

 ments 622,000 .30 19.14 11,904.00 100.00 



Dairymen's, poulter- 

 ers' and apiarists' 



supplies 522,300 .25 20.50 13.849.00 70.72 



Totals 207,262,376 100.00 *19.84 $4,111,761,68 53.08 



The manufacture of planing mill products is the largest industry. 

 The principal items are Hooriug, ceiling, and siding. Eed spruce 

 leads all the others in quantity, and yellow birch and hard maple are 

 the most important of the hardwoods. Beech is also used in large 

 quantity. The hardwoods employed in smaller amounts are basswood, 

 red oak, white oak, black ash, yellow poplar, white elm, and butter- 

 nut. The average cost of the material used in this industry is $20.34. 

 Thirty woods are listed, aggregating 85,626,750 feet. 



Twenty-one woods are listed in the box industry, ranging from 

 spruce, which constitutes sixty per cent of the whole, to cherry, the 

 least in quantity. The softwoods lead by long odds, but the following 

 hardwoods are manufactured into boxes and crates: Basswood, aspen, 

 red oak, hard maple, white ash, yellow birch, white elm, black ash, 

 beech, paper birch, butternut, rock elm, red gum, and cherry. 



Vermont stone quarries require more than 8,000,000 feet annually 

 of mineral crating. Tliis is heavy stuff used to crate blocks of cut 



stone tor shipment by rail and water. Any strong wood will answer, 

 provided it does not contain sufficient tannin to stain the polished 

 stone when in direct contact. The bark is removed from mineral 

 crating to lessen the liability to stain the stone. Twelve woods are 

 reported, but spruce furnishes more than half. 



The furniture manufacturers of the state use 8,780,000 feet, con- 

 sisting of sixteen woods, and white pine is the only softwood re- 

 ported, and only 40,000 feet of it are used. Probably in no other 

 region does the furniture business run so strongly to hardwoods as in 

 Vermont. 



In the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork 

 loblolly Jiine, grown chiefly in Virginia and North Carolina, leads all 

 others in amount. This is worthy of note, since Vermont is in a 

 white pine region. Sugar maple, all of which grows in the state, 

 ranks second in quantity. Seventeen woods are reported, eleven of 

 which are hardwoods. White oak is most expensive at $80, yellow- 

 poplar second at $72. River birch at $15 is cheapest. 



It is generally supposed that paper birch is the most important 

 wood in the spool and boljbin industry, but it is not so in Vei'mont. 

 This birch supplies less than ten )ier cent of the raw material, and is 

 exceeded four-fold by sugar majjle, two-fold by beech, and nearly 

 twofold by yellow birch. Other woods employed are red maple, 

 basswood, and red gum. The last is the most expensive, red maple 

 the cheapest. The average cost of all spool and bobbin woods is 

 $13.18. 



The inferior position occupied by hickory in the handle industry in 

 A'ermont is worthy of note. It is generally a leading wood in the 

 manufacture of handles. ]t is at the bottom of the list in Vermont, 

 I'onstitutiug less than one per cent of all. White ash leads, followed 

 in the order named by iiard maple, paper birch, yellow birch, bass- 

 wood, black cherry, and beech. 



The woods employed by manufacturers of vehicles in Vermont are 

 shown in the following table: 



VKHK'I.KS 



Average Total cost 



(Juantity used annually cost per f. o. b. 



Species Feet B. M. Percent 1,000ft. factory 



Iteil oak- 5o:i,000 45.21 $19.85 $9,982.50 



Velb.w bireb :!22,400 28,98 19,16 6,177.36 



Wliiteasli 126..500 11.37 23.73 3.001.42 



Itoek elm 4O.,S00 3.67 22.23 867.03 



ISasswociil .•)5,000 3.14 21.77 761.93 



Sugar maple 32,900 2.96 20.04 6.50.32 



I!.(l spruce 20,000 1.80 25.00 500.00 



White oak 18,200 1.64 26.90 489.87 



lliekory 8,300 ,76 55.59 472.50 



Beech ". .■i,200 .29 16.13 51.60 



Balsam lir 1.000 .09 30.00 30.00 



Tulip poplar 1,000 .00 60.00 60,00 



Totals 1,112,500 100.00 $20.72 $23,053,53 



As a general thing the Vermont manufacturers look carefully after 

 waste — they throw away little that can be turned to account. Two 

 classes of articles take most of the waste — chairs and boxes. The 

 boxes include crating material. There are so many sizes and kinds of 

 boxes that a piece of wood must be small and of odd shape if it can 

 not be worked into some sort of a box or shipping package. The 

 makers of various commodities have reported success in saving part 

 or all of their waste material by working it into boxes. Some in- 

 stances may bo cited as follows; 



A factory which makes butter boxes of beech and birch veneer con- 

 verts all suitable left-overs into crating. Some sawmakcrs often have 

 ash, oak, and hickory pieces, particularly spokes, which, because of 

 some minor defect, are not fit for the purpose intended, but the de- 

 fect may be cut out and a first-class ladder round is the result. 



The cooperage industry draws some of its material from the 

 waste heaps of other industries; but the saving thus made is of 

 relatively small importance, because, as a general thing, coopers must 

 have choice material, such as few waste piles supply. Instances are 

 cited in Vermont, however, which show that coopers are alert to 

 l)rocure material wherever it is to be had at a bargain. Heading 

 for some of the cheap grades of slack cooperage is made of hemlock 

 and spruce waste from the sawmills. 



