HARDWOOD RECORD 



39 



587, hemlock ItMVS. oottonnood. nspen. etc., 4,403, larch S'l, pine 4ii. 

 The pulpmills in C.in.irla produced 682,632 tons of pulp in 1912, which 

 was an average o£ 11,377 tons per mill. In addition to the above, Can- 

 ada exported 980,868 cords o£ pulpwood, valued at S6.82 per cord : and 

 295,449 tons of pulp were exported, at an average value per ton of $17,10. 

 The United States took 62.9 per cent of it, Great Britain 36.8 per cent, 

 and the small residue went to Japan, China and New Zealand, Canada 

 imported pulp worth ,$172,797 during 1912. 



(iRKilNAL STIiUCTUUE BUILT NINE HUNDRED YEARS AGO, 

 ILLUSTRATING WOODS DURABILITY 



Durability of Wood 



Cases are cited from time to time which illustrate the durability of 

 wood when exposed to weather. It is well known, of course, that wood 

 protected from weather will never decay though it may wear out or be 

 destroyed by juechanical means, as when worms and ants bore it, A 

 remarkable celebration was recently held near Ongar, Essex county, Eng- 

 land, to commemmorate the nine-hundredth anniversary of the building of 

 Greensted church. The edifice is still standing, and the accompanying 

 picture of it was drawn 165 years ago, and is here reproduced from 

 Green's history of England, Some remodeling and repairing has been 

 done in recent years, but the old timbers have been retained, particu- 

 larly those forming the wall, which stand on end like palisades, as clearly 

 shown in the picture. 



The church was built by the Saxons before the Norman conquest. The 

 logs which stand on end are English oak. .Nine centuries have weathered 

 their surfaces and made them as rough as the bark of the trees when 

 standing in the forest : but decay has had little effect. Few instances 

 are known where wood exposed to weather has remained sound so long. 



The picture of the church might convey the impression that it is a 

 tolerably large structure. It is smaller than the picture indicates. The 

 main building is thirty-five feet long and fourteen feet wide. The 

 height is not given, but the upright timbers forming the wall, as shown 

 in the picture, are about live feet high. By comparing these uprights 

 with the hight to the ridge of the roof, it is seen that from the ground 

 to the peak of the roof is only about twelve feet. Greensted church, 

 therefore, is quite a tiny affair, looking more like a toy than a church. 



It was built hurriedly in the year 1013 as a resting place for a single 

 night only of the dead body of King Edmund while being transported by 

 slow marches from London across the country to the cemetery selected 

 for the king's final resting place. The church was probably built in a 

 few days. The walls of upright logs were of split oak, ranging in width 

 from seven to seventeen inches. The round sides are placed outward. A 

 large number of wooden pins were u?ed in the church's construction. 



Two additions have increased the size of the original edifice, but both 

 are several hundred years old. The tower and the chancel at the opposite 

 end of the building are the portions that have been added. 



■Wood vs. Steel-Built "Vessels 



A writer for the Pacific Coast Lumber Trade Journal of recent date 

 cites a ver.v striking example proving the superior safety to shipments 

 in wooden vessels as against shipments in steel-built vessels. The merits 

 of the two types of vessels are illustrated in the fate of the wooden 

 schooner Lyman B. Foster and the steel schooner Americana, both of which 

 sailed from the North Pacific coast with car.goes of lumber, were hit by 

 terrific storms near the Tonga Island group in the South Pacific, and while 

 the Foster was completely wrecked, her entire crew was saved. Nothing 

 has been heard of the Americana, and it is suposed she went down. 



The Lyman B. F'oster cleared from Bellingham, ^Vash., Feb. 20, with a 

 cargo of lumber for Levuka. The Americana cleared from Columbia river 



for Sydney, with a similar cargo, on March 1. Thi' two vessels were in 

 ( ompany for twenty-seven days and crossed the line at 147 degrees west 

 on the Americana's twenty-third day out. The two vessels then parted, 

 and Hearing the Fiji group, the Foster was caught in a hurricane and 

 wrecked, but kept afloat for more than fifteen days, enabling the crew to 

 signal a passing vessel. 



The American has never been heard from. The latter ship was about 

 900 tons gross register and was built in 1892. 



Lumber Trade with Spain 



A recent consular report shows that the LTnited States is slowly in- 

 creasing its shipments of forest products to Spain. That country has 

 very little merchantable timber and must procure supplies from other 

 countries. The most important of its forest products is cork, which is 

 the bark of an oak tree. The value of the Spanish cork sold to dealers 

 in this country exceeds the lumber shipped to Spain from the United 

 States, but falls much short of all forest products combined. The wood 

 products exporte(l from this country to Spain in 1911 were as follows : 

 Barrels. S79,984 ; firewood, .?30,303 ; staves, $662,991 : planks, .$1,211,985 : 

 all other $12,582. The cork imported from Spain was worth $1,355,036. 



A Curious Formation of Hearfwood 



The accompanyin,g illustration shows a transverse section of the trunk 

 of a pear tree. The dark star-shaped portion at the center is the heart- 

 wood, the five projections of which were induced b.v blazing the trunk at 

 five points at equal distances above the ground, when the tree was only 

 about two inches in diameter. The cambium or growing tissue between 

 the wood and the bark having been removed, the woody portion of the 

 stem between the blazed surfaces and the normal heartwood received no 

 further nourishment from the distributing tissue in the bark, and being 

 exposed to the air soon dried out and ceased to function in carrying sap 

 from the roots to the leaves. It consequently turned darker, as is the 

 case of normal heartwood formation. The wounds healed in the regular 

 manner, and the peculiar star-shaped heartwood remained as an indelible 

 record of the blazing which was no longer visible on the stem of the tree. 



■*«*..! 



FREAK FIGURE IN HEART UF PEAR WOOD BOLT 



Australians Destroy Timber 



The forester of New South Wales, Australia, has published a report 

 on the timber resources of that region. It sounds remarkably like many 

 reports which have been published in this country concerning forest con- 

 ditions here. It is a story of waste and destruction of valuable timber in 

 the process of clearing land. This has been going on during sixty years, 

 the settlers moving constantly farther inland in search of good land. 

 That is the class of land on which the best timber grows, and since set- 

 tlements nearly always move much in advance of lumber markets, there 

 was little sale for the timber cut from the land. It was rolled into 

 heaps and burned, just as was so often done in this country. It is 

 estimated, in the report dealing with the matter, that three feet of tim- 

 ber have been destroyed for every two feet used: and at the same time 

 Australia was Importing lumber from distant countries to supply its 

 people. Much of the best has been destroyed, and scrub growth remains 

 over large areas. Commendable efforts are now being made to save what 

 is left. In this matter Australian history is repeating American history. 



