PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE. WITH EXAMPLES 69 



ical footing, giving a physical, as distinguished from an 

 aesthetic, explanation. 



Besides the examples given above, there are in the temper- 

 ate region a number of common animals that clearly show 

 protective resemblance. For instance, color resemblance is 

 seen in the tree-toad, which resembles the gray or lichen- 

 colored bark; the bark weevil, which simulates the uneven 

 surface; the catocala moth, whose mottled wings blend with 

 the bark. The foregoing are examples of a type of color that 

 blends with and simulates the general background of their 

 environment. 



There are others which bear form resemblance, illustrated 

 by such examples as the walking-stick, which resembles a 

 leafless twig, moths which resemble bird droppings, and those 

 which can scarcely be distinguished from a dried leaf; others 

 like some of the Plusia moths, which often alight on the ground, 

 appearing like broken-off twigs. With the exception of the 

 latter, all of these forms are described elsewhere in this book. 



Poulton has divided the colors of animals as follows:^ 



I. Apatetic Colors 



Colors resembling some part of the environment or the appearance of 



another species. 

 A. Cryptic Colors. B. Pseudosematic Colors. 



Protective and aggressive False warning and signalling 



resemblances. colors. 



1. Procryptic Colors. 1. Pseudoposematic Colors. 



Protective resemblances. Protective mimicry. 



2. Anticr\-ptic Colors. 2. Pseudopisematic Colors. 



Aggressive resemblances. Aggressive mimicry and alluring 



coloration. 



II. Sematic Colors III. Epigamatic Colors 



Warning and signalling colors. Colors displayed in courtship. 



1. Aposematic Colors. 



Warning colors. 



2. Episematic Colors. 



Recognition markings. 



^ This classification has been elaborated by Poulton in his work on " The 

 Colors of Animals," and also in a more recent work by him. 



