LIFE KISTORIES OF XORTH AMEEICAN WILlD FOWL 13 



DISTRIBUTION 



Breeding range. — The North American form breeds mainly north 

 of the United States, entirely across the continent. South to New- 

 foundland (Humber and Sandy Eivers), northern New Brunswick 

 (Northumberland County), central Maine (Washington to Oxford 

 Counties), New Hampshire (Umbagog Lake and Jefferson region), 

 northern Vermont (St. Johnsbury), northern New York (Adiron- 

 dacks), northern Michigan (Neebish Island, Sault Ste. Marie), 

 northern Minnesota (Lake County), northern North Dakota (Devils 

 Lake), northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake and Glacier National 

 Park), and the interior of British Columbia. 



North to the limits of heavy timber in central Alaska (Yukon 

 Valley), southern Mackenzie (Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake), the 

 southwest coast of Hudson Bay (York Factory), and the north- 

 east coast of Labrador (near Nain). Replaced in northern Europe 

 and Asia by a closely allied race. 



yiinter range. — Cold coasts and large lakes south of frozen areas. 

 On the Atlantic coast commonly from Maine to South Carolina; 

 more rarely north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland 

 and south to northern Florida (Wakulla County). Rarely to the 

 Gulf coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. On the Pacific 

 coast from the Commander and Aleutian Islands to southern Cali- 

 fornia (San Diego) and casually'' to central western Mexico (Mazat- 

 lan). On the Great Lakes (Michigan, Erie, and Ontario). Ir- 

 regularly north in the interior to southern British Columbia (Okan- 

 ogan Lake), northwestern Montana (Teton County), and the valleys 

 of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, as far as Nebraska and Iowa ; 

 and south to Colorado (Beasley Lake and Barr Lake) and Arkansas 

 (Big Lake) and occasionally to Arizona (Tucson) and Texas (Gal- 

 veston and Corpus Christi). 



Spring migration. — Northward and northwestward and away 

 from the coasts. Earlj^ dates of arrival: Southern Maine, inland, 

 March 27; Quebec, Montreal, March 19; Ontario, Ottawa, February 

 14; Minnesota, Heron Lake, March 14; Manitoba, southern, March 

 29; Alberta, Edmonton, April 6; Montana, Great Falls, March 9; 

 Mackenzie, Fort Resolution, May 7, and Fort Simpson, April 28; 

 Alaska, Nulato, May 3. 



Average dates of arrival: Southern Maine, inland, April 5; 

 Quebec, Montreal, April 4, and Lake Mistassini, May 3; Ontario, 

 Ottawa, April 12; Minnesota, Heron Lake, March 25; northern 

 North Dakota, April 20; southern Manitoba, April 21. Leaves the 

 Massachusetts coast by May 1 or earlier. 



Fall migration. — Southward and southeastward and toward the 

 coasts. 



