OFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOWL 49 



Many olclsqiiaws spend the winter in the Great Lakes and in other 

 large bodies of water in the interior, but it is decidedly a maritime 

 species by preference. For a study of the habits of this species on 

 Lake Michigan in winter, I would refer the reader to an excellent 

 paper on this subject by Edwin D. Hull (1914) based on observa- 

 tions for three seasons at Chicago. I can not afford the space to 

 quote from it as freely as it deserves. Severe winter conditions 

 sometimes drive a few birds as far as the southern borders of the 

 United States. Messrs. Beyer, Allison, and Kopman (1907) record 

 the capture of one in Louisiana on February 13, 1899. " At the time 

 of the capture of this specimen a severe blizzard was sweeping the 

 South. Zero temperatures were reported at points near the Louisiana 

 coast." 



DISTRIBUTION 



Breeding range. — Arctic coasts of both hemispheres. On the Lab- 

 rador Peninsula south, in Audubon's time, to the southeastern coast 

 of the peninsula (Bras d'Or), but now probably not much south of 

 northern Labrador (Okak and Nain). Ungava Bay and the lower 

 Koksoak River (Fort Chimo) and down the eastern shore of Hud- 

 son Bay, perhaps as far as Cape Jones. On Southampton Island 

 and other lands north of Hudson Bay, and on the west coast of 

 the bay at least as far south as Cape Fullerton and perhaps as far 

 as Churchill. Along the entire Arctic coasts and barren grounds 

 of Canada and Alaska. South on the Alaskan and Siberian coasts 

 of Bering Sea to the Aleutian and Commander Islands and on all 

 the islands in that sea. Along the Arctic coasts and barren grounds 

 of Asia and Europe, south in Scandinavia to about 60° north. On 

 the Faroe Islands, on Iceland, and on both coasts of Greenland. 

 North on practically all Arctic lands as far as they have been ex- 

 plored up to 82° north. 



Winter range. — In North America south on the Atlantic coast 

 abundantly to southern New England, commonly to Chesapeake 

 Bay and North Carolina, more rarely to South Carolina, Florida 

 (Brevard and Leon Counties) and occasionally to the Gulf coast of 

 Louisiana; north, when open water is to be found, to the Gulf of 

 St. Lawrence and sometimes southern Greenland. On the Pacific 

 coast south regularly to Washington, less commonly to California, 

 as far south as San Diego ; north to the Aleutian Islands, and some- 

 times to the Diomede Islands. In the interior it winters abundantly 

 on the Great Lakes and more rarely or irregularly on other large 

 bodies of water west and south to Nebraska (Omaha), Colorado 

 (Barr Lake) , and Texas (Lake Surprise) . In southern Europe south 

 to about 40° north, on the Black and Caspian Seas; and in Asia, 

 south to Lake Baikal, China, and Japan. 



