PICO-PASSERES. 6 



C. A hind toe is always present (generally the jirst digit, but 



occasionally, in a few Scansores which have lost the hallux, 

 the fourth digit) and is connected with the /le.vor longus hal- 

 lucis (cf. figure of foot of Rook, infra, p. 5). 



D. Cervical vertebrae, including the cervico-dorsal ones, no 



exceeding fifteen in number. 



The Subclass Passeriformes may be subdivided into four 

 Orders, viz.: — I. Pico-Passerbs. II. Columb^. III. Tro- 

 GONES. IV. Coccyges. 



Order PICO-PASSERES. 



{Cf. Seebohm, t. c. p. 2.) 



A. Young hatched in a helpless condition and naked, not passing 



through a complete downy stage before acquiring feathers. 



B. Flexor longus hallucis leading to one or both (if two) hind 



toes (which is generally the hallux only, but is sometimes 

 the fourth digit only, sometimes the first and fourth, and 

 occasionally the first and second). {Vide fig. 3.) 



C. Ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles absent. 



The Order Pico-Passeres may be divided into four Sub» 

 orders :— I. Passeres. IL Euryl^mi. III. Tkochim. 

 lY. Scansores. 



Suborder 1. PASSERES*, 

 {Cf. Seebohm, t. c. p. 3.) 

 A. Palate ijcgithognaihons f. 



* Cf. Dr. Shufeldt's " Contributions to the Comparative Ostfolo<ry of the 

 Families of Nortli-Americau Passeres," Journ. Moipli. iii. pp. 81-11:^, 

 pis. v., vi. 



t Cf. Huxley, T. Z. S. 18(17, p. 451 ; Parker, Trans. Z. 8. ix. pp. 28!) -;3.',2, 

 pis. liv.-lxii. (1873 j, x. pp. 251 -3] 4, pis. xlvi.-liv. (187(i) ; Oates, Faun. Brit. 

 Tnd., Birds, i. p. 4 {188'J). 



u2 



