HARDWOOD RECORD 



*5 



primest lumber, or vice versa. It will i ! 

 fore be seen that some system is no.-, 

 to keep account of what has boon cut and 

 its correct relation to the value of the whole 

 tract, otherwise the operation will shew a 

 disparity in the profit and loss accounts for 

 different periods, which would not be ap- 

 parent in the final statement of the trai 

 tions of the business. 



Another item often overlooked is the cost 

 of tools for various operations, especially 

 in the logging department, the store, rail- 

 way equipment, branch lines, construction 

 and rent of employees' houses, taxes, insur- 

 ance and fire losses, interest on capital in- 

 vestment, depreciation and maintenance of 

 plant, etc., all have a close relation to the 

 cost and need to be treated correctly. 



From Hi,- foregoing it will be seen • 



tns Which may I I against 



_:ross returns from any business ma 

 divided as follows: items chargeable against 

 costs, items chargeable against gross pro 

 and those chargeable against the profit 

 the whole business. That the subdivision 

 of these items will prove of advantage 

 any operator goes without saying, as he 

 will, when in possession of Buch facts, be 

 better able to conduct I - success 



fullj and cut off sue] es as may, 



from experience, be shown to be excessive. 



In order to i implish this end il is evident 



t hat t he sen ices of i hose \\ bo ha i 

 the science of accounts a close study can- 

 not but be of advantage to the hutdw 1 



lumberman. 



Wood 'Bearings. 



It is surprising how many wood bearings 

 are used in the modern industrial establish- 

 ment. One might suppose that the wood bear- 

 ing was entirely out of date. They were 

 used by our forefathers for numerous purposes 

 in the mill, the shop, the raceway, and wher- 

 ever box-journals were needed for the support 

 of revolving shafting. With the great ad- 

 vancement made in electrical machinery, 

 woodworking devices and iron manipulating 

 apparatus within the past few years, the 

 natural conclusion would be that wood bear- 

 ings had disappeared with the general prog- 

 ress in applied mechanics. However, such 

 is not the case, and hardly a manufacturing 

 or other mechanical institution can be found 

 in which there is an entire absence of wood 

 journals. The writer has seen them in the 

 flour mill, the cotton mill, the saw mill and 

 in practically every power-using establish- 

 ment visited. They are seen in water wheel 

 shafts, far below the surface of the mill 

 floor. Their usefulness will not be denied 

 even by machinists and power engineers who 

 believe thoroughly in modern systems. 



Wood bearings are made from nearly all 

 species of wood. They may be found shaped 

 from the hardest fiber and from the softest. 

 Oak, walnut, pine, ash and, in fact, all va- 

 rieties of woods are used. The stock must 

 be of even grain and free from knots. The 

 commonest and simplest form of wood bear- 

 ing, carrying an iron shaft, is shown in figure 

 1, which is a sketch of a type of shaft sup- 

 port seen by the writer in various brick yards. 

 Tree trunks were used, a hole bored through 

 each of which admitted the shaft. A profu- 

 sion of hard grease formed the coating for 

 the shaft to turn on. This grease becomes 

 hard and smooth from friction, and an easy 

 running surface results. The wheel is 

 marked a. 



A popular type of wood box is shown in 

 figure 2. This box may be constructed from 

 any well-seasoned wood. The pieces are first 

 cut square and then blocked. Holes are then 

 bored in the four corners and the bolts in- 

 serted, and the block is ' thus held securely. 

 It is then bored to the size of the diameter 



of the shaft. Sometimes the boring is in- 

 creased to the required size by using round 

 chisels or ordinary gouging tools. It is, of 

 course, essential that the surface be sue 

 and even. 



Sometimes the box is made according to 

 the plan exhibited in figure 3, in which the 

 bearing portions are constructed of separate 

 pieces, e, and these are adjusted into the com- 

 mon piece, b. The sectional pieces, c, are 



& 



-R,Z 



T<9 8 



shaped separately. They are usually of thi 

 hardest wood, so as to withstand contact with 

 the iron. The width of the bearing is gov- 

 erned ac ding to the weight applied, and 



igth of running power of the shaft. 

 In some eases the wood boxes are lined with 

 babbitt or with common metal sleeves, intro- 

 duced as mandrels are introduced into the 

 ordinary iron journal for a hanger or 

 mon box. Figure 4 is a sketch of this type of 

 combination wood and metal bearing. The 

 sleeve is marked e. This brings iron against 

 iron. The wood portion is marked d. The 



forms a cushion for the metal 

 the bearing thus becomes easy. The shaft is 



marked f. 



.- 5 illustrates the full cylindrical 



•earing. Th 



lirect in - 

 a lining provided, 

 lined with 

 MCtal. 'I a rough interior lining 



'•'■" .-.due 



and friction. Lead sheet infc 

 liken pper. Some of the - 



linings pro - a as 



running smoothly and preventing too much 



beatu parts ar, ocer I, but they 



(| j- This tubular form ol bear 



I frame, 

 ring pattern of wood b 

 shown in figure 6, consisting 



1 i ase, g, in « b ylindrical 



Foi 'ii. b, is fitted. This rim i part 



that is not metal. re a 



ly fiber baa tin work. The rings 



iron, and ar.- introdi I 



against the interior surface of the w 1 rim, 



h. These rings, marked i, are bored to the 

 correct diameter to permit the shaft to ex- 

 tend through. 



figure 7 illustrates a bearing made entirely 



of woo.', which is Bometimes utilized for heavy 

 shafting, with water wheels, for example, in 

 which the main shaft is exposed to the 



weather. The bulk of the bearing is made of 

 selected wood, and is marked |. Lnsteai 

 running the shaft in the shaped si. 

 box direct, the - k. are made up and 



adjusted us shown. These are mud. of the 



hardest wood available. They are carefully 



shaped with modem tools and made and ad- 

 - 1 according to up-to-date methods. \ 

 real]} effective journal results. The gri 



and oiK that overflow their Bides in tl 



age, protect these boxes, and .\en it the 



rains reach the exposed shafting, as 



curs in transmitting power for some disc, 

 00 real harm is done. One might suppose 

 that wood bearings would cause annoyance by 



.racking and grinding out, but in a short time 

 the fiber absorbs the lubricants to such an ex- 

 tent that very little troubl i this score is 



experiel I. 



Figure B is a dn all.. I four- 



point wood bearing. This i~ calculated for 



both light and heavy work. First the outer 



frame is constructed, marked ... .., p, p. These 

 pieces an- mad. I and are 



d with thi 



s. The bli ii for forming 



ta.t points with th.- revolving shaft are 



ted m, tn, m, m. The bracing vomer 

 pieces, for holding tin- w I points, m. in 



are marked n. The corner pieces are 



ordinary hardwood, but the point, m. musl 

 hard of liber, .dear grained and elastic. For 



a considerable tune merely the .si^ 



shaft Comes in eontaet with the w 



shown. Hut. in .our f line 



worn, and the shaft gradual!.* 

 in each. Then the bra. ea ha\. 

 larged and thi provide, I with 



, tin- 

 shaft. 



Then : other for 



principal pattei 



