November 10, 1915. 



HARDWOOD RECORD 



J7 



usually occur singly and far apart. An unfailing means of dis- 

 tinguishing this species from other elms is always at hand if access 

 to the inner layer of bark can be had. It is soft and mucUagiuous. 

 The layer may be a quarter o^ an inch thick, but is usually thinner. 

 It is the only elm that may be easily split. Early Indiana farmers 

 used slippery elm for rails. The heartwood is red, for which reiison 

 the tree is sometimes known as red elm. Its use is reported by only 

 three industries in the state and the makers of boxes and crates 

 are clearly entitled to first place, as is shown by the accompanying 

 table. The price is low. Nearly four-fifths of the output is credited 

 to the forests of Indiana, the rest being brought from other regions. 

 Following are the uses of this wood: Bent hammock spreaders, 

 boxes, crates, dowels, hand trucks, kitchen cabinets. 



TABLE 2.-) — CONSUMPTION OF SLIPPERT ELM 



Quantity used Av. cost Total cost Grown Grown 



.innually. per f.o.b. in Ind. out of Ind. 



Feet b. m. % 1.000 ft. factory. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. 

 Industry. 



Boxes :\nd crates. 2,086.237 04.24 $15.97 .$ 33.313 l.C24,800 401.437 

 Woodenware and 



novelties 105,000 4.74 24.76 2,600 105,000 



Refrigerators and 



kitchen cabinets 22,500 1.02 20.00 450 22,500 



Total 2,213,737 100.00 $16.43 $36,303 1,752.300 401.437 



Cotton Gum 

 Cotton gum is known as tupelo or tupelo gum at the sawmills and 

 in the lumber yard and factory. The name cotton gum is applied to 

 the tree because in the spring the leaves arc whitish and look as if 

 sprinkled with cotton. It is essentially a swamp tree, a companion 

 of cypress. Its range lies in the low country from Virginia to 

 Texas, but it ascends the Mississippi valley to southern Missouri and 

 Illinois. Two other gums, likewise known as tupelo in the lumber 

 yard, are water gum (Nyssa hiflora) and black gum which is dis- 

 cussed elsewhere in this report. Water gum grows only in the At- 

 lantic and Gulf states, but black gum grows throughout much of 

 the eastern half of the country, including Indiana. Tupelo or cot- 

 ton gum is sometimes called bay poplar, and some persons formerly 

 supposed it to be a variety of yellow poplar; but it is not a near 

 relative of that tree. The cut of tupelo lumber in 1913 was 120,- 

 420,000 feet, 59 per cent of which was produced in Louisiana. 

 North Carolina ranks second in production, Alabama third, Florida 

 fourth. A considerable quantity reaches veneer mills in the form 

 of logs. The wood possesses no valuable figure. Its uses in Indiana 

 are shown by the following table. 



TABLE 20— CONSUMPTION OF COTTON GUM 



Quantity used Av. cost Total cost Grown Grown 



annually. per f.o.b. In Ind. out of Ind. 



Feet b. m. % 1.000 ft. factory. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. 

 Industry. 



Boxes and crates. 1.250.000 70.22 $15.10 $ 18,874 1,250.000 



Sewing machines. 200,000 11.24 40.00 8.000 200.000 



Frames and mold- 

 ing, picture 190.000 10.67 24.47 4.650 190.000 



Furniture 64.000 3.00 20.60 1.312 64.000 



Planing mill pdcts. 60,000 3.37 19.17 1,150 60.000 



Cigar boxes 15.000 .84 46.00 090 15,000 



Car construction.. 1.000 .00 40.00 40 1.000 



Total 



1,780,000 



. . . 1,780.000 100.00 $19.50 $ 34,716 

 USES OF COTTON GDM 



Cabinet work Furniture crating 



Car lining Interior finish 



Casket crating Quart basket.s 



Cigar boxes Room molding 



Electric wire molding Sewing machines 

 Furniture 



Cork or Eock Elm 



The name rock elm, which is applied to this wood, is in recognition 



of its hardness. Cork elm is more commonly used by botanists, tliough 



lumbermen occasionally speak of it in that way. The thin ridges 



and frills of bark on the small branches and twigs explain the 



origin of the name. The species ranges from Quebec to Missouri, 



and southward to middle Tennessee. It is most plentiful in the 



northern states, where it is associated with white and slippery elm. 



The term rock elm does not always mean this tree. It may apply 



to tough specimens of any of the elms, such as stand on thin soil 



and are of slow growth. Experienced lumbermen do not always agree 



on a line separating rock elm from others. The use of the term cork 



elm leaves no doubt as to what species is meant, unless there might 



occasionally be some conflict with wing elm (Ulrmis alata) along the 



course of the lower Ohio river and southward where the ranges of 



the two species overlap. Cork elm is a substitute for hickory for 



some purposes, but is much inferior to hickory for others. Nine- 



tenths of the demand in Indiana comes from vehicle manufacturers. 



It is excellent hub material, and is satisfactory as rims for bicycles. 

 Its apportionment among the wood-using industries of the state is 

 shown in the accompanying table. Statistics of lumber production 

 do not separate this elm from others, though mills usually under- 

 take to do so. Cork elm is used for cantles, saddle trees, hubs, pit- 

 man rods, agricultural implements, sifter handles and grist mills. 



TABLE 27 — CONSUMPTION OF CORK ELM 



Quantity used Av. cost Total cost Grown Grown 

 annually. per f.o.b. in Ind. out of Ind. 

 Feet b. m. % 1,000 ft. factory. Pect b. m. Feet b. m. 

 Industry. 

 Vehicles and ve- 

 hicle parts 1.490,000 97.20 $36.43 $ .''.4.274 458.000 1.032,000 



Saddles and har- 

 ness 20,000 1.30 18.00 300 20,000 



Handles 15,000 .98 50.00 7.'>0 15,000 



Agricultural i m - 



plements 8,000 .52 90.00 720 8,000 



Total 1,533,000 100.00 $36.60 $66,104 493,000 1,040,000 



Sycamore 

 Sycamore grows in nearly every part of the state, but it is not 

 and never was of first importance as a source of lumber. Trunks 

 attain enormous sizes, but the largest are usually hollow . and are 

 valueless as saw timber. Mills prefer sycamore logs three feet or 

 less in diameter. The wood is usually very difiScult to split. Eound 

 bolts, cut from logs, have been popular as meat blocks in butcher 

 shops since the first settlement of the state. Arkansas, Missouri, 

 Tennessee and Indiana in the order named were the principal syca- 

 more producing states in 1913, and the total cut in the United 

 States was 30,804,000 feet. Manufacturers of plug tobacco often 

 prefer sycamore for boxes. It is popular for sewing machine tables, 

 also for parts of furniture, and for woodenware. "When quarter- 

 sawed, the wood displays a novel and attractive figure. Eiver 

 banks and land subject to occasional overflow constitute its favorite 

 habitat. It is chiefly a waste land tree, and might become important 

 imder forestry methods. Manufacturers of boxes and crates in 

 Indiana take more than one-third of the sycamore reported by fac- 

 tories, whUe chair makers are the second largest users. Though 

 the tree grows in all parts of the state, it is worthy of note that 

 not one foot of native sycamore finds its way to Indiana factories; 

 yet the state is a large producer of the lumber from this species. 



TABLE 28— CONSUMPTION OF SYCAMORE 



Quantity used Av. cost Total cost Grown Grown 



annually. per f.o.b. in Ind. out of Ind. 



Feet b. m. % 1.000 ft. factory. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. 

 Industry. 

 Boxes and crates. 515,000 35.78 $15.16 $ 7.805 265,000 250,000 



Chairs and chair 



stock 296,344 20.59 19.51 5.781 105.000 191,344 



Furniture 169,000 11.74 30.15 5,095 159,000 10,000 



Refrigerators and 



kitchen cabinets 140.000 9.73 18.21 2,550 140,000 



Sash, doors, blinds 

 and general mill- 

 work 17,000 1.18 35.88 610 7,000 10.000 



Planing mill pdcts. 15,000 1.04 28.40 426 14.000 1,000 



Musical i n s t r u- 



ments 13,100 .91 27.79 364 13,100 



"Vehicles and ve- 

 hicle parts 5.000 .35 25.00 125 5,000 



Saddles and har- 

 ness 3,500 .24 22.00 77 3,600 



Miscellaneous '. . . . 265,343 18.44 20.80 5.525 261,343 4,000 



Total 1,439.287 100.00 $19.70 $ 28,358 969,448 469,844 



USES OF STCAMORE 



Backs, piano Inside finish 



Baskets Kitchen cabinet shelves 



Boards, game Packages, fruit 



Box shooks Partitions, kitchen cabinet 



Cases, carpet sweeper Plugs, paper roll 



Chairs ' Saddletrees 



Cheese supports Sheathing 



Cores, bank fixtures Side rails, bed 



Cores, store fixtures Slats, fruit package ■ 



Crating Stave baskets 



Flooring Step bars, vehicle bodies 



Furniture, bedroom Tables 



Furniture, case goods Tops, kitchen table 



Heading, (ruit package 



Spruce 



Spruce is not native of Indiana but more than a million feet a 



year find uses there. It is a wood of light color and light weight, is 



wholly without figure aside from vague annual rings, and it possesses 



several desirable qualities. It is probable that the spruce used in the 



state was largely red spruce (Ficea ruhens) from West Virginia, 



but factories may have secured small quantities of white spruce 



{Ficea canadensis) from the Lake states. The latter grows in the 



Lake states and eastward to Maine, while red spruce is found in 



the southern Appaladiians and north to New England and Canada. 



Two western spruces are in the market, and one is shown by this 



report to have appeared in Indiana factories. This is Sitka spvuce 



