Picture I-'k.^mks 

 PaneU and frames for pictures aiid tlio s)i<H-ts of thin lumlxT or 

 r«uie«r uicd as backinf; for mirror* and |iicturp» nro included in ttiis 

 industry. Tbo Rhcot of veneer is natural uoml nitli no kind of finisli. 

 I' " '.re to give striMintli to tlio ijlnsw or card which the 



It is nearly iilnavM idne, thonKli any wood will 

 aiinnvf. it ill not for ornament. 



All frames, except the cheapest and rou){hcst, are finished to 

 improve their appearance; for a picture frame is meant to bo orna- 

 mental as well as useful. In many instances beauty is the principal 

 1 .r:-pieration, and various devices have boon invented to servo it. 

 r tinejt frames nro covered with gold leaf, and it is no uncommon 

 _■ for the fini.sh to cost ten times as much as the bare frame, 

 it is the intention to use gold leaf, a wood is selected which 

 :«st contribute to that end. It must receive a smooth polish, 

 ind must bo free from resinous and other exudations which would be 

 liable to blister the leaf after it has boi>n laid and burnishe<l. Yellow 

 !>oplar is often classed first among gold leaf woods, and silver maple 

 and ba.'-swood are rated high. Leaf of silver and of other white 

 iMotal.- is much used, and its requirements, in regard to solcotion and 

 preparation of the wood, are similar to those for gold. 



Another class of frames is finished with gilt or enamel. These are 

 not applied in the form of sheet or leaf, but more like paint. The 

 covering is a thicker layer, and inequalities of the wood arc less liable 

 to show on the surface than in the case of leaf finishes. It is not 

 so essential to polish the frame as carefully before the finish is 

 applied, consequently the selection of the wood need not be so par- 

 ticular. There is room for wider range, yet exudations must be 

 ijuarded against and woods rich in resin are apt to prove unsatisfac- 

 tory, but the white pines do not fall in that class. Some of the finest 

 gilt frames are of northern white pine. Basswood, however, is in 

 larger use, though in Indiana white pine is first and basswood second. 

 Tupelo or cotton gum, red gum, and yellow poplar are suitable for 

 enamel and gilt work. 



Frames of a third class are in wide use. The surface of the wood 

 remains visible in the finished work. It may be varnished or oiled, 

 but the grain is not concealed. Woods of attractive color and hand- 

 some figure are chosen. Color is more valued than figure in such 

 frames, because picture frame molding is generally too small to show- 

 figure to advantage, but color is appreciated in even the smallest sizes 

 of molding. The woods most valued for frames of that kind are 

 such as oak, walnut, birch, cherry, red gum, chestnut, birdseve maple, 

 burled ash and many colored foreign species; but all of these are not 

 reported in Indiana. 



The total demand for woods for this industry in the United States 

 is 65,477,783 feet a year. Table 52 shows that fifteen species meet 

 Indiana 's needs. Three high priced woods are reported in Indiana. 

 Circassian walnut costs 30 cents a foot, mahogany 14 cents and black 

 walnut 11 cents. The cost of an expensive frame is not so much the 

 wood in it as the work put on it. If there is hand carving, such may 

 remain \-isible, with the grain of the wood exposed, as in oak, walnut, 

 mahogany and cherry; or the carved ornaments may be overlaiil witli 

 gold foil, and their form only will remain visible. 



TABLE 52— FRAMES AND MOLDING. PICTLRE. 



NMHrTirTVllKBll or PICTt'Br MOIPI^■'l 



Kind of woud. 

 ■Whit" i>lne. .. 



Quantity usee 

 nnnualty 

 Feet b.m. 

 . .1.<17.-,.(J00 



870.000 



K M.I.OOO 



ni ino.ocin 



pine lI.'i.OOO 



Birch ll2.nno 



Red oak. 



R?d sum 



Yellow poplar 



Cypress 



(Silver maple 



Black walnut 



Chestnut . . 



Ifahopany 



Circassian walnut. 



65,001) 

 6.-..000 



es.nw 



.■!.-.000 

 15.000 

 10. POO 

 10.000 

 7.0C0 

 1.000 



37.4B 

 30.31 

 S.lt) 

 fi.62 

 4.01 

 3 nn 

 2 27 



.34 

 .34 



.03 



Av. eost 

 rer 

 1.000 ft. 



S1B.14 

 27. 2n 

 41., S3 

 24.47 

 211.06 

 4C.46 

 28.92 

 2.'>.77 

 36.54 

 3.1.71 

 23.87 



110.00 

 .'.0.00 



140.00 



300.00 



Total cost 



f. o. b. 



factory. 



$ 17,Sr.0 



23.740 



!l.R30 



4.650 



3,445 



5,204 



l,!i80 



1,675 



2,875 



1 250 



355 



1.100 



r.oc- 



080 

 300 



Grown Grown 

 In Ind. out of Ind. 

 Feel b.m. Feet b.m. 

 1.075,000 



40.000 

 60,000 



5,000 

 25.000 



830,000 



175,000 



190.000 



115,000 



112,000 



65,000 



60,000 



40.000 



35,000 



15.000 



5.000 



10,000 



7.000 " 



1. 000 



I iimbrr A Hupply Co.. 

 i.i.Ulnii I-umlK-r <"o . Rush- 



Saddles and Habnes.s 



Indiiuia manufacturers use ten kinds of woods for saddles ami 

 harnoBS. The total quantity consumed in Indiana is 2,84-1,300 feet 

 a year; in the United States 9,218,000. Saddles and harness arc 

 grouped, because of their relationship. The chief item of wood in 

 harness is the liames. This apparatus is adjusted to the collar, and 

 by them the horse draws the load. Strong wood is required for 

 hames, and the wood must also Im hard, berauso tendency to wear 

 must be considered. The only wood listed for homes in Indiana is 

 oak, but others are suitable and are employed in other parts of the 

 country. .\moDg such are hickory, beech, maple, birch and hornbeam. 

 Steel hames ha\c taken the place of wood to a considerable extent in 

 late years. I'ormerly the farmer or teamster shaped his own hnmcc 

 with axe, saw and drawing knife, and the village blacksmith irnni.*d 

 them; but few, if anj-, are so made now. They are a fa'-lory product. 



No wood is visible in the finished saddle, except the special kind 

 known as the packsaddle, which is in use exclusively for cnirying 

 loads. The riding saddle is covered with leather, but there is wood 

 beneath to give it form and strength. The wooden parts are the 

 pommel, or front, caiitle, or rear, the fork, which straddles the horse's 

 withers, and the bars which connect the pommel with the cnntle. 

 Saddles are made in many patterns and some use no wood; but a 

 saddle that uses no wood is usually called a pad. The vaquero saddle 

 runs to the other extreme. Its wooden frame is extra strong. It 

 must withstand the roughest usage that the cowboy's duties make 

 necessary. 



More than half of all the wood reported in Indiana by saddle 

 makers is beech. This wood is very strong and stiff. No softwood is 

 used in the state. The average cost is low, and white oak is reported 

 at the remarkable small figure of $14.95 a thousand feet, ash at $15 

 .and black gum at .$14. More than half of the wood reported is 

 grown in the state. 



TABLE 53. — SADDLES AND HARNESS. 



Qi;ontlty i scd 

 annually 

 Kind of wood. Feel b.m. 



Beech 1.725,600 



PuKar maple 850,000 



Red gum 278,500 



White ash 200.0I'0 



White oak 121. roo 



Silver maple 115,0(KI 



Yellow poplar 22,200 



Cork elm 20,000 



Black gum 8.000 



Sycamore 3.500 



Total 2,844,300 



MANUFACTUREBS OF SADDLES AND HAHNESS 



Klamer & Oopbcl. Evansvlllo 

 ClaRcett Saddle Tree Co., Jeffcrson- 



vlllc 

 W. W. Miliar Saddle Tree Co.. Madi- 

 son 



Geo. .T. nummel A Co., MadUon 

 Albert Schad Saddle Tree Co., Madi- 

 son 

 Ben .Schroeder Estate. Madison 

 T. J. Lewis Bros., Roann 



Total 

 -16— 



.2,870,000 100.00 $26.00 $ 74,634 185.000 2.735,000 



PLU.MBEBS' Woodwork 

 Equipment for bathrooms constitutes the chief articles in this 

 industry. The country's annual demand for wood for that purpose 

 totals 20,313,450 feet, of which Indiana uses 2,442,000 feet. The 

 forests and woodlots of the state contribute rather poorly to this 

 industry, the quantity of wood drawn from that source amounting 

 to only 5 per cent. All of the cherry and sugar maple are home- 

 grown, and all of the red gum and basswood comes from beyond the 

 borders of the state. The quantity of home-grown white oak and red 

 oak is very small, in consideration of the high class of these woods 

 produced in the forests of the state. Table 54 gives the average costs 

 of the various woods delivered at the factories. 



