HARDWOOD RECORD 



25 



relatively smail amounts were cut outside of 

 Michigan, Pennsylvania and Indiana, which fur- 

 nished 66 per cent of the total quantity re- 

 ported. The census gave no figures upon beech 

 in 1899, so there is no basis for comparison. 



CUT OP BEECH IN 1905. 



Number 



State. of mills. M feet. Per cent. 



Michigan 192 59.896 27.3 



Pennsylvania 238 63,494 24.7 



Indiana 285 . 30,827 14.0 



New York 275 24,760 11.3 



Ohio 269 14,297 6.5 



Vermont 123 7,829 3.6 



Kentucky 129 7.7S7 3.5 



All others 342 20,110 9.1 



Total 1,853 219,000 100.0 



Ash. 



In 1905, 159,034,000 feet of ash was cut by 

 2,653 mills. Michigan was the leading state, 

 with 20,141,000 feet, or 16.5 per cent of the 

 total. Next comes Wisconsin, with 14,588,000 

 feet, or 9.2 per cent, and then Indiana, Ar- 

 kansas and Kentucky, with approximately 13,- 

 000,000 feet, or over S per cent each. Relatively 

 small amounts were reported from twenty-nine 

 other states, but over half of the output came 

 from the five states mentioned. The cut of ash 

 in 1S99, according to the census, was 256,431,- 

 000 feet, but the output is decreasing, because 

 of the scarcity of stumpage. 



CUT OF ash in 1905. 

 Number 



State. of mills. M feet. Per cent. 



Michigan 253 IIG. 141 16.5 



Wisconsin 203 14.5SS 9.2 



Indiana 279 13,340 S.4 



Arkansas 8S 13,034 8.2 



Kentucky 157 12.939 8.1 



Ohio 280 10,539 6.1 



Mississippi 68 8.0S3 5.1 



South Carolina 12 7,460 4.7 



Pennsylvania 237 6,691 4.2 



Tennessee 154 5.819 3.6 



All others '. . 922 41.000 25.9 



Total 2,653 159,634 100.0 



Hickory. 

 The cut of hickory for 1905 by 1.S29 mills 

 nas 95,S03,000 feet. Indiana leads, with 15,- 

 138,000 feet, or 15.8 per cent ; followed by 

 Arkansas, with 13,262,000 feet, or 13.8 per 

 cent ; Kentucky, with 12,S94,000 feet, or 13.4 

 per cent ; Tennessee, with 11,958,000 feet, or 

 12.5 per cent, and Ohio, with 11,054,000 feet, 

 or 11.5 per cent. Mississippi reported 6.5 per 

 cent of the total, Illinois 5.6 per cent, Penn- 

 sylvania 5.4 per cent, Missouri, 3.6 per cent, 

 West Virginia 2.4 per cent. Twenty other states 

 combined reported 9.5 per cent. The total cut 

 of hickory in 1905 reported to the Forest Service 

 is practically the same as that given by the 

 census for 1899, but there is no doubt that these 

 figures are considerably below the actual annual 

 consumption of hickory. A considerable amount 

 of hickory, particularly spoke material, is sold 

 by the piece, and consequently was not reported 

 as lumber. The members of the National Hick- 

 ory Association estimate their annual require- 

 ments as equivalent to 250,000,000 board feet. 



CUT OF HICKORY IN 1905. 

 Number 



State. of mills. M feet. Percent. 



Indiana 319 15.13S 15.8 



Arkansas SI 13,262 13..8 



Kentucky 148 12.894 13.4 



Tennessee 14S 11,958 12.5 



Ohio 352 11,054 11.5 



Mississippi 40 6,239 6.5 



Illinois 103 5,308 5.6 



Pennsylvania 1S8 5,146 5.4 



Missouri 68 3,430 3.6 



West Virginia 71 2,310 2.4 



All others 308 9,064 9.5 



Total 1,829 95.S03 1O0.O 



Production by States. 

 The production of lumber in 1905 by 11,666 

 mills shows that the following states led In the 



production of the kinds specified : 



Arkansas : Red gum and Cottonwood. 



California : Western yellow pine and red- 

 wood. 



Idaho : Western white pine. 



Indiana : Hickory and walnut. 



Kentucky : Yellow poplar. 



Louisiana : Yellow pine and cypress. 



Maine : Spruce and balsam. 



Michigan : Maple, beech and ash. 



Minnesota : White pine. 



Montana : I. arch. 



Pennsylvania : Hemlock and chestnut. 



Tennessee : Red oak. 



Washington: Douglas fir and cedar. 



West Virginia : White oak. 



Wisconsin : Basswood, birch, elm and tama 



rack. 



The JWodern Furniture Factory. 



THE CUTTING ROOM. 



The history of the cutting room in the mo- 

 dern furniture factory is practically the his- 

 tory of woodworking machinery. No compari- 

 son is possible between the methods now em- 

 ployed in cutting stock for up to date furni- 

 ture and the means in vogue when the work 

 was a handicraft. For ease, accuracy and 

 speed the work of no man can be compared 

 to that of a machine. The machine has other 

 advantages, also, for when stock is cut ac- 

 cording to chart, it is possible to duplicate the 

 pieces whenever they are required. In sec- 

 tional bookcase work, parts made ten years ago 

 can be replaced, in ease of need, with as much 

 ease as if they were made yesterday. 



The distinguishing feature of the cutting 

 room is the amount of stuff turned out. Every 

 part is made and worked in quantities. At 

 certain stages of the operation this induces 

 waste, notably in the work of the swing saw 

 man. In most factories there is in vogue the 

 old method of cross cutting lumber where the 



to change the stops. They work automatical- 

 ly and do not require the attention of the 

 sawyer, so that he is enabled not only to prac- 

 tically eliminate waste but also to save the 

 time formerly spent in watching the chalk 

 mark. Workmen operating the machine say 

 that it is a decided help and, besides saving 

 time, eliminates the chances of poor judgment 

 and consequent loss of material, which before 

 were difficulties always encountered in the 

 work. 



Furniture in the modern factory is built 

 according to plans sketched out beforehand. 

 The lumber is sawed according to these speci- 

 fications and the result is that each machine 

 man becomes an expert in his particular 

 branch. In former times the whole of each 

 piece was made by one workman and he was 

 in reality a cabinet maker, but modern con- 

 ditions have changed the old-time methods in 

 this trade as in almost every other one. Pres- 

 ent day methods have the great advantage 



AUTOMATIC SWING SAW 



GAUGE, MANUFACTURED BY FRANCIS MARSHALL, 

 RAPIDS, MICH. 



GRAND 



workman makes a chalk mark to measure his 

 board and judges the length of each piece by 

 a hurried adjustment of the board to the mark 

 before he pulls his saw. Nearly every manu- 

 facturer will concede that this method is pro- 

 ductive of waste, the amount of it being reck- 

 oned by the greater or less accuracy of the 

 sawman 's judgment. It is hard to secure con- 

 vincing data on just how much waste occurs 

 because as a rule when a length has been 

 spoiled the workman will cut it up and seud 

 it to the furnace rather than have it reach 

 any considerable size where it can be seen. 

 One manufacturer, in order to gauge the loss, 

 weighed the lumber before and after sawing 

 it, and it was his experience that the per- 

 centage was high. There is in use in many 

 factories at the present time an automatic 

 swing saw gauge, a cut of which is shown 

 herewith, whereby absolute adjustment of the 

 lumber on the saw table is insured by the 

 use of automatic stops. Any number of 

 lengths can be cut on the table without having 



of absolute accuracy, which is one of the 

 most important qualities in making a joint. 

 A plain glued joint, if it is to be a good one, 

 must have the edges cut perfectly true and 

 square. Care must be taken in selecting the 

 wood to be joined and it should be borne 

 in mind that the pieces should be of the 

 same structural qualities. If sapwood edges 

 and heartwood edges are joined together the 

 greater absorbing power of the sapwood will 

 cause an uneven strain in the pieces when 

 exposed to atmospheric influences. When the 

 strain is great this results disastrously. A 

 jilaiu glued joint, when properly managed, is 

 often so strong that it shows more resisl 

 to splitting than many woods. Other ele- 

 mental details enter in the proper making of 

 a joint. When the glue is applied, the parts 

 must be warmed to a proper temperature in 

 order to best receive the glue, the operation 

 must be done in a fairly warm room, free 

 from drafts to guard against too rapid evapo- 

 ration and thickening of the glue, and the 



