HARDWOOD KKCORD 



Many charta, ninpii, (linKriiiii^, iin.l tiiM<>» of viiluiiMi' K(iiti>.tir-i 

 w*r» >liiiplarp<l on the wallii, giving in vory ronilfniM<i| form tlio 

 >cu|>c of «ork anil Home of the n'sultn arliinvctl. 

 Ii.i.r8TaATioNs or Wastb 



LumU*rnit'U ojcainiupd with imirh intoront Homo niininturo rep 

 rosrntatioiM of waiito from the fon-dt to tht« ultimntp coummu'r. 

 It wim hbown that in cuttio); tiinluT nn<l fotlowint; it through 

 the \nriuuii lOrps until it i.i finally imod iu houHo ImiMint;. thi< 

 followin); uvoraj;"' «:i^'i~ i^'ur. 1 n-t .1 mi tin' wlnili' tri'i> h« it 

 iitanJ* iu tht< for. -■ 

 l^ft la ti'r fnr.-«l IVrront 



I<ef( at tlir MwmlM i 



U-n at tli<- plaiilni: mill 



Wmlr at the nnl<hi-<l bouw , .. .. 



Total 



KxaniploH in onch iustanco wore tiiwu of tho UiikIk of wasir 

 at oach stop in thi> mnniifnrturp. It wnH oxplaiiu'il that thCHC 

 loiUt-K ilo not oooiir alike in all refjions, lint the figures, whii-h 

 are basoil on actual measuromonts iu many jHirto of the country, 

 arc K<^npral avi-rndOK. Most of the wn»to», nmlor oxistind ceo 

 ""iiiieal and market comlitions, arc unavoiilnlilc. 

 By-products 



1 iic exhiliit was exceptionally complete in its l.y-pro.lucts, wliiih 

 iin- ilire*'tly connwteil with the saving of waste. The briefest out- 

 line of this valnable work is all that can he given here. 



Oil is made by subjecting pine needles to steam, and among 

 oil's products are cheap perfumes, such as are used in the manu- 

 facture of liniments, shoe blacking, and the like. The oil is 

 likewise made from spruce, fir, and hemlock. 



Hardwood distillation, chiefly of beech, birch and maple, pro 

 duces tar, pyroligneous acid, gas, gray acitate of lime, wood alco- 

 hol, and charcoal. Ethyl alcohol (the same as grain alcohol) is 

 manufactured from sawdust. 



The soft woods, principally pines and firs, produce by-products 

 of a different sort, including resin, rosin, and spirits of turpen- 

 tine, with a dozen or more others which are commercially useful. 



A highly interesting and instructive exhibit consisted of a 

 dozen or more rolls of paper made at the Madison laboratory 

 from woods, some of which are not generally regarded as suitable 

 for paper. .Some of the papers posse.ss extraordinary strength 

 and toughness. Among the woods from which these papers were 

 made are hemlock, balsam fir, jack pine, tamarack, longleaf pine, 

 lodgepole pine, sand pine, western yellow pine, Sitka spruce, 

 Engelmann spruce, noble fir, and red fir. 



Pulp or fiber products other than paper are made from these 

 wood.s, and there were samples of pails, drinking cups, dishes, 

 cornice and ornaments for buildings, panels and boards, powder 

 kegs, flooring, linoleum, conduit pipe, vulcanized pipe, insula- 

 tion and non-inflammable work. Artistic wood mosaic was made 

 from scraps. 



An apparatus, invented at the laboratory, attracted much at- 

 tention from persons who do much reading. It measures the 

 "glare" of paper, that is, the light reflected from various kinds 

 of paper. The amount varies from 9.5.8 per cent down to 26.5 

 per cent. This apparatus enables printers of books to select papers 

 most restful to the eye, and it has many other applications. 



MlSCKLLANEOUS ARTICLES 



The Madison laboratory had installed samples of non-inflam- 

 mable wood, but permission to demonstrate was not secured 

 within the Coliseum, consequently, sam^des that had been sub- 

 jected to fire without blazing were as much as could be shown. 



Materials for preserving wood against decay and protecting it 

 from insects, and samples of treated and untreated wood, formed 

 an interesting collection. The preservatives in the exhibit were 

 coal tar, creosote, hardwood tar creosote, zinc chloride, mercurial 

 chloride, copper sulphate, water gas creosote, pine tar creosote, 

 and sodium fluoride. 



There was a model of a preservative plant, a neat and attrac- 

 tive apparatus, an exact copy of a commercial plant. 



IhiT.- "II- liKi'»iM< n model of the Tirmann <lry kiln, con 

 Htrurtcd at thi' .Madison laboratory. 



The comparnlive sIrengthH of diflTerent ulylen of joint fnnton- 

 ingn were illuntrnteil by several ynmploii. 



The warping of wooil in drying wan »liown by vnriouK namplex 

 and under different conditlonii. The wornt nhrinkngc wnn found 

 in California euciilyptiiH. 



I MtlSTKI.M, I.NVESTIOATIONS 



The esthibit brought together by the branch of thi- 1'orei.l 

 Service known as Industrial InveNtigationH and forming u part 

 of the general exhibit, was inleniied chiefly to illustrate motbodK 

 by which wood wastes of certain kinds have been utilized other 

 than by pulping and diKtillation. This work is going on all the 

 time, and nothing more than is contained in pnigreHN re|M>rlH 

 can be made public at any period, because the work is still 

 ]irogres^ing and no end is in sight. 



The Korest Service recentlj' proposed specifications for hickory 

 handles, to govern the purchases of several departments of the 

 government. A collection covering tho various points involved 

 was shown. 



The manufacturers of dogwood shuttle blocks have much small 

 waste which is being utilized for knife handles. The manufac- 

 turers sell the waste for approximately $2..')0 a thousand pieces at 

 the point of shipment, which is practically clear gain, because 

 the scraps were formerly burned. 



Small shoe lasts are turned from di.scarded tenpins. Such pins 

 are usually cracked near the surface, consequently they are suit- 

 able for small lasts only. 



Black gum veneer cores — tho part left over when rotary veneer 

 is cut — are made into mine rollers which are worth nine cents 

 each at the mine. 



Chisel handles are made from scraps of hickory gear wood, 

 and small squares are worth from .'Ji3.,50 to $4 per thousand. 



Scrubbing brush backs are manufactured from maple waste 

 from furniture factories. Such blocks bring an average of five 

 dollars ])er thousand. They formerly sold for fuel at $1..")0 per 

 wagon load. 



Floor swee[iing compounds, sixty per cent saw dust, furnish a 

 good example of how waste may be saved. 



Plow single-trees and automobile spokes are turned from de- 

 fective wagon single-trees, and buggy spokes from trimmings in 

 cutting out larger vehicle spokes. 



Trimmings from loblolly pine slabs have been found available 

 for \'-crimp roofing sticks. 



Yellow poplar veneer cores 'are hogged for wood pulp. 



The offal from beech cooperage shops is converted into doweU. 



Longleaf pine sawmill trimmings are profitably sawed into 

 shingles. 



Cottonwood waste has been manufactured into white-wash 

 brush plugs. 



Edgings from beech, birch, and maple are worked into chair 

 stock. 



Beech edgings at the sawmill are used in turning corn popper 

 handles, and brush backs from small pieces of beech, birch, and 

 maple waste. 



Lime-barrel headings are becoming a by-product of sawmills, 

 by working up the waste. 



Miscellaneous Items 



The list of miscellaneous items of conversion of waste into 

 salable articles is long. 



Sheep sets and butcher sticks — articles demanded by slaughter 

 houses — are made from hardwood edgings. 



Western yellow pine factory waste is utilized for door core 

 blocks. The same wood waste is worked into mine wedges. 



Defective wagon spokes are employed in the production of 

 railroad grade stakes. 



Veneer cores of lilack walnut are sold to gun-stock makers. 



White ash and soft elm dowels, ten inches and multiples of 

 ten inches long, and used in chairs, are cut from waste. The 

 stock is converted into dowels while green. 



