HARDWOOD RECORD 



29 



Mr. Patterson then said there are other tariffs providing for 

 certain rates on logs through manufacturing and reshipment, no 

 refund being allowed in these cases and no alternate rate quoted. 

 He further said be believed all these tariffs should be filed with 

 the Interstate Commerce Commission in view of preceding dis- 

 cussions. He said the object of these tariffs was merely to 

 secure a fair treatment for the carrier and very little policing 

 ■would be required under this arrangement. He suggested as a 

 solution of the question of refund on mixed cars, of transit and 

 non-transit material, that an arbitrary ratio be established which 

 would do away with a v-ast amount of detail. 



W. H. Wolf of the Southern Weighing and Inspection Bureau 

 of Atlanta, showed forms used in southeastern territories for 

 daily reports on lumber coming under transit regulations. Mr. 

 Wolf's testimony concluded the day's hearing. 



D. W. Longstreet, freight traffic manager of the Hlinois Cen- 

 tral, opened the Thursday session by describing in detail opera- 

 tions on the Illinois Central in extending its lines into the tim- 

 ber districts on the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley division. He 

 maintained that considering this expense his road is justly en- 

 titled to outbound tonnage at Memphis, which is the result of 

 inbound log tariff. Mr. Longstreet said there is a lumber ton- 

 nage of six thousand cars a year. He said this company feared 

 that the adoption of strict regulations as applied to roads for 

 milling-in-transit privileges would cause a strong demand for 

 flat rates, thus putting the business in the hands of competing 

 lines. According to present arrangements under the present 

 milling-in-transit tariffs no reports are required, and the adop- 

 tion of such reports on the volume of business would be extremely 

 burdensome. Substitution is prevented by inspection of the mill- 

 man 's books by the road agents. 



D. M. Goodwyn again testified on Thursday, speaking mainly 



; <i :;s<^<ra>^.vz^K;.\!)im^ti^.M;>iii»iJ^t!J^ ro: ^^ 



of regulation to be imposed by the Interstate Commerce Com- 

 mission for uniform adoption in connection with all lumber transit 

 privileges. As a general rule, one year, according to the speaker, 

 is sufficient for logs to be manufactured and ready for the market. 

 Whila not believing that users of transit regulation should be 

 required to go to useless expense, the speaker said the principle 

 of the question is of the greatest importance and should be 

 worked out to the best effect. A system of bureau inspection 

 should take the place of inspection by carriers' agents, and, 

 according to the speaker, records of operations of millmen kept 

 in books would be sufficient to give all necessary information 

 on which to base a claim for refund. Flat rates were ojiposed 

 by the speaker inasmuch as they would make substitution pos- 

 sible. As to the statement formerly discussed by the millmen '3 

 representatives that the millman's money is tied up by the situa- 

 tion, he opposed this assertion and said the shipper is not entitled 

 to the benefits unless he complies with all transit conditions. 



A rigid questioning of W. T. Webster by F. B. James, repre- 

 senting Buffalo lumbermen, brought out the fact that there is 

 considerable discrimination against Buffalo as compared with 

 other New York central points. Buffalo lumbermen have to meet 

 more rigid requirements and are credited fewer privileges than 

 other points. To this Mr. Webster replied that different condi- 

 tions govern. 



Lumbermen from Xashville will be heard at Louisville on July 

 25 in the matter of their objection to the Louisville & Nashville 

 tariff, putting into effect new features for milling-in-transit. This 

 new tariff has been suspended until August 17 as a result of 

 their protest. It is expected that considerable testimony similar 

 to that covered in the present hearing will be brought out in 

 the next one. 



?a' 



'M 





Tyloses in W^ood Pores 





til 



If one carefully examines the smoothly-cut end of a piece of 

 heart-wood of certain hardwoods, white oak for instance, he will 

 note that the pores are more or less completely filled with a lus- 

 trous, froth-like substance. These filling cells are known as 

 tyloses. They are common in the heart-wood of all white oaks, 

 black locust, Osage orange, catalpa, hickory, red mulberry, and 

 numerous others. They are absent mostly in the red or black 

 oaks, one exception being black jack {Querais marilandica), in 

 which they are quite abundant. The sap-wood, especiallj' the 



outer portions, of these same species will be found to be almost 

 if not entirely free from tyloses, leaving the pores open. 



Tyloses play no small part in the behavior of woods in which 

 they pccur abundantly. They block the vessels which run tube- 

 like through the stem and reduce very materially the porosity of 

 the wood. To test this take a piece of green red oak heart-wood 

 an^ note how readUy you can blow through quite a long stick; 

 water will pass through in the same way. Now try a similar 

 piece of white oak and note that you cannot force air through it 



CROSS SECTION OF BLACK LOCUST, MAG- 

 NIFIED FIFTY TIMES. SHOWING LARGE 

 PORES FILLED WITH TYLOSES. THE DARK 

 PATCHES AT THE LOWER EDGE ARE 

 MASSES OF DENSE WOOD FIBERS. THE 

 THINNER WALLED CELLS AROUND AND 

 BETWEEN THE PORES ARE WOOD PAREN- 

 CHYMA. 



RADIAL SECTION OF BLACK WALNUT. 

 MAGNIFIED FIFTY TIMES, SHOWING LARGE 

 WOOD VESSEL FILLED WITH TYLOSES. 

 THE TIERS OF CELLS RUNNING ACROSS 

 THE SECTION ARE RAYS. THE VERTICAL 

 CELLS WITH NUMEROUS CROSS WALLS 

 ARE WOOD PARENCHYMA CELLS. THE 

 OTHERS ARE WOOD FIBERS. 



RADIAL SECTION OP OSAGE ORANGE, 

 MAGNIFIED FIFTY DIAMETERS. SHOWING 

 THE TYLOSES IN LARGE VESSELS. ON 

 EACH SIDE OF THE VESSELS ARE SEEN 

 THE WOOD PARENCHYMA CELLS AND 

 CROSSING THEM ARE THE CELLS OF THE 

 RAYS. THE DARK PATCHES ARE THE 

 WOOD FIBERS. 



