k3 



BAC I LLUS ALVEOLAR I S 

 Insect concerned: The honey "bee, Apis mellifera . 



Ksenjoposky, (1916) states that "bees suffer from a 

 disease caused "by Bacillus alveolaris . 



Ksenjoposky, A. V. 1916 Review of the pests of Volhynia 

 and report of the work of Volhynia Entomological Bureau 

 for 1915 (Translation. ) Published by the Zemstvo of 

 Volhynia, Jitomir, 19l6, 2k pp. 



BAC I LLUS ANTHRAC I S Cohn emend. Koch 



Insects and ticks concerned: The "biting stable fly, 

 Stomoxys calci trans ; the horsefly, Tabanus striatus ; 

 Tabanus rub idus ; the horn fly, Haematobia irritans ; Tabanus 

 sp. , near nigroyittatus ; the mosquitoes, Psorophora ( Jan - 

 thinosoma ) sayi and Aedes sylvestris ; the bedbug, Cimex 

 lectularius ; the blow-fly, Calliphora ery thro cephala ; the 

 ticks, Argas persicus and Boophilus decoloratus ; the hide 

 beetle, Dermestes vulpinus ; Attagenus pellio ; Anthrenus 

 museorum ; and Ptinus sp. 



The beginning of modern bacteriology was marked by 

 Robert Koch's demonstration, in I876, of the causal re- 

 lationship of Bacillus anthracis to anthrax. Earlier, 

 in I869, Raimbert had shown experimentally that anthrax 

 could be disseminated by flies. According to Herms (1959) > 

 Bollinger (187*0 is cited by Nuttall as having captured 

 horseflies on a cow dead from anthrax and as having seen 

 the bacilli in preparations made from the stomachs and 

 intestines of the insects. Two rabbits inoculated with 

 this material died of anthrax. 



In 1912 Schuberg and Kuhn found that Stomoxys calci trans 

 fed on the cadaver of an animal dead from anthrax would 

 transmit the infection. They also found viable anthrax 

 bacilli in the guts and feces of the flies for considerable 

 periods after an infective feeding. Mitzmain (191*0, work- 

 ing with Tabanus striatus and Stomoxys calci trans , showed 

 that anthrax could be mechanically transmitted to guinea 

 pigs by the bites of both species. In 1918, Morris found 

 that the horn fly, Haematob ia irritans , the horsefly, 

 Tabanus sp. , and the mosquitoes, Peorophora ( Janthinosoma ) 

 sayi and Aedes sylvestris are capable of transmitting 

 anthrax after biting an infected animal. Nieschulz (1935) 

 has reported experimental transmission of anthrax by the 

 bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Duncan (1926) says the anthrax 



