165 



(h) The repeated recovery of Bact . tularense 

 from specimens of H. leporis-palustris collected 

 from rahhits and grouse in Morrison County, Minne- 

 sota, in 1931 and 1932. (These tests were made in 

 conjunction with Dr. R. G. Green of the University 

 of Minnesota Medical School.)" 



According to other reports, Pasteurella tularensis has 

 "been found spontaneously in Derma cent or occidentalis 

 (Parker, Brooks, and Marsh, 1929), Ixodes ricinus call- 

 fornicus (Davis and Kohls, 1937), and Derma cent or varia - 

 bilis (Green, 1931). Kamil and Bilal (1938) have reported 

 the transmission "by Ornithodoros lahorensis . Zasukhin 

 (1936) mentions that in 193^ Golov showed that Dermacentor 

 silvarum can "be infected with Pasteurella tularensis and 

 that it does not lose the infection from one stage to the 

 next. Davis (19^0) has found that the tularemia "bacterium 

 may survive in the tissues of Ornithodoros turicata and 

 Ornithodoros parkeri , ""but is not transmitted "by the ticks 

 during feeding. 



Tolfrz, Kolpakova, and Flegontoff (193*0 have reported 

 the survival of Pasteurella tularensis in mites of the 

 family Gamasidae and in the fleas, Ctenophthalmus pollex 

 and possibly Ctenophthalmus orientalis . Green and Evans 

 (1938) isolated the hacterium of tularemia from fleas 

 ( Spilopsyllus cuniculi ) removed from snowshoe hares and 

 from cottontail rahhits. Waller (i9^0) recovered Pasteur - 

 ella tularensis from Cediopsylla simplex collected from a 

 sick cottontail rahhit. Philip, Davis, and Parker (1932) 

 using Aeaes nearcticus , A. vexans , A. dorsalis, A. stimu - 

 lans, A. aegypti , A. canadensis , Theohaldia incidens , and 

 Culex tar sails , showed experimentally that the mosquito 

 could he a significant factor in the epidemiology of 

 tularemia "by infecting persons mechanically (l) "biting, 

 (2) heing crushed on the skin, and (3) hy depositing 

 excrement on the skin. Bozhenko (1936) demonstrated that 

 Pasteurella tularensis may survive in Culex apicalis and 

 in the feces of this insect. This worker (1935) has also 

 found that transmission of tularemia "by the "bites of 

 infected hedhugs was successful 15 hours after an infective 

 feeding and that organisms remain virulent in the "bugs for 

 as long as I36 days after feeding. 



In recent years Olsufiev and Golov, 1939; and Olsufiev, 

 1939a , "b, c; 19^+Oa, h, have gathered considerable data on 

 the transmission of tularemia implicating horse flies, the 

 stahle fly, the rain fly, mosquitoes, and other insects. 



For a description of Pasteurella tularensis see Bergey's 

 Manual (5th ed. ). 



