STABLE MANURES AND FECAL RESIDUES 21 



persons were shown (301 ) to contain 8.2 to 24.2 per cent bacterial cells j 

 in those of persons suffering from intestinal disturbances the percent- 

 age was 20.1 to 40.2. With the development of the microscopic tech- 

 nique for counting bacteria, much larger numbers of cells were shown 

 to be present than could be determined by the plate method. 



The urine of healthy persons is sterile or very low in bacteria. Be- 

 cause of the ability of many bacteria to utilize the chemical constituents 

 of urine, rapid bacterial multiplication takes place in fresh urine, espe- 

 cially when mixed with animal feces and bedding (811). 



The microbiological population of animal excreta is characteristic. In 

 addition to the common fecal bacteria, it contains fungi, thermophilic 

 bacteria, and, in herbivorous animals, anaerobic cellulose-decomposing 

 bacteria (581). 



The bacterial population of fresh cow manure was found (833) to 

 consist of 47.5 per cent cocci {Streptococcus fyogenes, Sarcina sp., 

 and Micrococcus candicans) ,21.2 per cent coli-like colonies {Escherichia 

 coli, A. aero genes y and S. sefticemiae), and many dark colony-forming 

 types. Other groups represented were Bacteroides, Flavobacteriumy 

 Pseudomonas, Bacillus^ various anaerobic bacteria, Oidiuniy and many 

 others. When the manure was allowed to decompose, yellow rods, 

 fluorescent bacteria, and mesentericus types took the place of the strep- 

 tococci. 



The following heterotrophic bacteria have been demonstrated (811) 

 in manure : Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mesentericus. Bacillus cereus, Ba- 

 cillus tumescenSy Bacillus fetasitesy Pseudomonas fluorescenSy Pseudo- 

 monas futiduy Salmonella enteritidisy Escherichia coliy Proteus vul- 

 garis y Micrococcus luteusy Micrococcus candicans y Staphylococcus albusy 

 Sarcina -flavay Streptococcus pyo genes y and others. Anaerobic bacteria 

 are also abundant (337). 



Pathogenic bacteria may also occur frequently in human feces and 

 in stable manure 5 Mycobacterium tuberculosis and various hemolytic 

 streptococci (860), as well as pathogenic anaerobes including Clos- 

 tridium welchiiy CI. septicumy CI. oedematisy and CI. fallax have been 

 fpund (484). 



The protozoa capable of developing in manure and in urine include 

 not only saprophytic forms but also certain parasites, such as Tricho- 



