whales was neglected. This point is illustrated by Figure i, pub- 

 lished in the 1500's in Historia Animalium by Konrad Gesner. 

 This was apparently a baleen whale. It has two tubes which ap- 

 parently symbolize the double blowhole of the Mystacocetae. 

 There is no modern whale known that has such tubes sticking 

 out of the top of his head. There is a huge eye above the angle 

 of the jaw. All whales have the eye at or near the posterior angle 

 of the jaw. The eye is very much smaller than the one shown 

 here. A print published in 1598 of the anatomy of these animals 

 is shown in Figure 2. The drawing of the male organ is accurate 

 (apparently it was measured with a walking stick), but the eye 

 is too large and is misplaced. 



These pictures illustrate very well man's most common rela- 

 tionship to the whale, which has continued to the present day. 

 For commercial reasons man continues to exploit these creatures' 

 bodies. 



It was not until the anatomical work of Vesalius and others 

 that the biological similarities and differences of man and other 

 mammals were pointed out. It was at this time that the investi- 

 gation of man's large and complex brain began. 



All through these periods intelligence and the biological brain 

 factors seemed to be completely separated in the minds of the 

 scholars. At the times of the Greeks and the Romans there was 

 little, if any, link made between brain and mind. Scholars at- 

 tributed man's special achievements to other factors than excel- 

 lence of brain structure and its use. 



After the discovery of man's complicated and complex brain 

 and the clinical correlation between brain injury and effects on 

 man's performance, the brain and mental factors began to be 

 related to one another. As descriptions of man's brain became 

 more and more exact and clinical correlations increased suffi- 

 ciently in numbers, new investigations on the relationships be- 

 tween brain size and intelligence in Homo sapiens were started. 

 The early work is summarized by Donaldson.' 



32 



