their predators are air-breathers. In general, the whales' diet 

 consists of fish, squid, or other water-breathing organisms of the 

 sea. 



A scientific assessment of the position of these animals in the 

 competitive environment of the sea is not yet fully evaluated 

 quantitatively. Any pronouncement of the requirements in re- 

 gard to new complex adaptations to new complicated situations 

 and hence the evaluation of intelligence of these animals at this 

 time is premature and presumptuous. The whole issue of the 

 meaning and the use of these large brains is still very much un- 

 known. As I say in Ma?i and Dolphin^ I am espousing a plea 

 for an open-minded attitude with respect to these animals. It 

 would be presumptuous to assume that we at the present time 

 can know how to measure their intelligence or their intellectual 

 capacity. The usual behavioral criteria used in evaluation of in- 

 telligence of other animals are obviously inapplicable to a mam- 

 mal living in the sea. As McBride and Hebb* so clearly stated, 

 they cannot place the dolphin in any sort of intellectual com- 

 parative intelligence scale; they did not know the appropriate 

 experimental questions to ask in order to compare the dolphins 

 with the chimpanzees, for example. Comparing a handed- 

 mammal with a flippered-mammal, each of which lives in an 

 entirely separate and distinctive environment, is a very difficult 

 intellectual task even for Homo sapiens. 



In pursuing possible measures of intellectual and intelligent 

 capacity, what line should one pursue ? I explored this question 

 somewhat in Man and Dolphin, but wish to summarize and ex- 

 tend it here in this discussion. The invariants that we are seek- 

 ing somehow do not seem to be as concrete as "tool-making and 

 tool-using ability" by means of the hands which has been one of 

 the major alleged criteria for human adaptation and success. 

 The chimpanzee and the gorilla have the hands but they do 

 not have the brains to back up the use of the hands. Man has 

 both the hands and the brain. Thus we can quite simply and 



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