stinctual need is, it tried different outputs from its brain and 

 finally discovered one which brought the desired results. This 

 ability to change the output from unsuccessful ones to successful 

 ones seems to me to be evidence of a "higher nervous system" 

 function. Of course in fine gradation and small differences, the 

 same kind of pattern can be show^n for smaller-brained animals. 

 It is the seeking a new^ output, not necessarily instinctually tied 

 in, and the radicalness of the change of output, plus the relating 

 of many of the variables to one another thus generating the nev;' 

 output, that seems to be the hallmark of the large brain. These 

 problems are not single variable ones with simple cause and 

 effect, but are simultaneous multiple variable ones. 



Among the manipulable outputs (muscular groups) I would 

 include those of respiration and phonation. The dexterous and 

 finely differentiated use of these muscles generates all the com- 

 plexities of human speech. As more of the physiology and psy- 

 chology of human speech are analyzed and made part of our 

 sciences, the sharper will be our criteria for separating man from 

 the other animals, and from those with smaller brains. Scientific 

 descriptions of human speech are of relatively recent origin. 

 Scientific descriptions of the physiology of the vocal tract are 

 anything but a closed book at the present time. The neuro- 

 anatomy and neurophysiology of speech is in a relatively primi- 

 tive state of development as a science. With such a lack of knowl- 

 edge of the intimate and detailed mechanisms concerned, it 

 would be rather presumptuous to evaluate at the present time 

 their role in the measurement and testing of intelligence and 

 intellectual capacity. 



However, I wish to point out that these factors are important 

 in such an evaluation and become even more important in terms 

 of evaluating a species that is not human. Thus it is necessary, 

 in order to evaluate the inteUigence of even the dolphins, much 

 less the whales, to know something of their abilities in the areas 

 of phonation and other kinds of bodily gestures and manipula- 



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