eye of the beholder quite as powerfully as it has been in previous 

 ages of man. We can only hope that we have achieved greater 

 insight and greater objectivity than some of our ancestors. The 

 winds and currents of bias and prejudice blow hard and run 

 deep in the minds of men. In one's own mind these factors are 

 difficult to see, and when seen, difficult to attenuate and to allow 

 for their influence. If at times I scold my own species, do not 

 take it too personally; I am scolding myself more than you. 



You can see by now that I believe that some of the answers to 

 the quest are in our own minds. We must develop, imaginatively 

 and humbly, numbers of alternative hypotheses to expand the 

 testable areas of the intellect and bring to the investigation new 

 mental instruments to test and to collect facts germane to our 

 questions. 



To ask about the intelligence of another species, we somehow 

 first ask: how large and well-developed is its brain? Somewhat 

 blindly we link brain size (a biological fact) to intelligence (a 

 behavioral and psychological concept). We know, in the case of 

 our own species, that if the brain fails to develop, intelligence 

 also fails to develop. 



How do we judge in our own species that intelligence de- 

 velops or fails to develop? We work with the child and care- 

 fully observe its performances of common tasks and carefully 

 measure its acquisition of speech quantitatively. We measure 

 (among other factors) size of word vocabulary, adequacy of 

 pronunciation, lengths of phrases and sentences, appropriateness 

 of use, levels of abstraction achieved, and the quality of the 

 logical processes used. We also measure speed of grasping new 

 games with novel sets of rules and strategy; games physical 

 and/or games verbal and vocal. 



Normal mental growth patterns of human children have been 

 measured extensively in both performance and in vocal speech 

 acquisition. I have taken the liberty of relating these to the 

 normal growth of brain weight of children. 



47 



