AEROBIC FERMENTATIONS 161 



above papers the reviews of McCoy (1935), Wardle (1937) 

 and von Brand and Jahn (1942) may be consulted. 



Aerobic fermentations are less conspicuous in para- 

 sitic worms capable of leading a predominantly aerobic 

 life inside their hosts. Non-oxidized or partially oxi- 

 dized end products have not yet been isolated from them. 

 In the larvae of Trichinella and Eustrongylides respir- 

 atory quotients above 1 have been observed at the oxygen 

 tension of atmospheric air (Stannard, McCoy and Latch- 

 ford, 1938 ; von Brand, 1942). This probably must be in- 

 terpreted as an indication that not all oxidations are car- 

 ried to completion. That some of the processes actually 

 fall into the class of aerobic fermentations is definitely 

 indicated by the fact that the oxygen consumption of at 

 least the Trichinella larva remains constant down to a 

 tension of 1 per cent oxygen. This obviously proves that 

 the maximum amount of oxygen required is capable of 

 entering the body at very low tensions. 



No processes that could be classified as aerobic fer- 

 mentations have so far been described for echinodenns 

 and molluscs, with the exception of snails, where fat syn- 

 thesis from carbohydrates has been observed (Bieder- 

 mann, 1911). 



In artJiropods we mentioned above the case reported by 

 Kozancikov (1935). This author summarizes his inves- 

 tigation on the role of anaerobic processes during the lar- 

 val diapause of some Pyralidae in the statement: "The 

 larval diapause represents a compensation period to the 

 development in unfavorable conditions and is character- 

 ized by anoxybiotic rearrangements." Since there can 

 hardly be a doubt that these organisms are capable of 

 consuming oxygen during this period, their metabolism 

 is probably of the type of fermentations in the presence of 

 air. 



Clear-cut cases of aerobic fermentations occur amongst 

 the chironomids. The larvae of both Chironomus hatJio- 



