172 SOI h'cijs or i':\i:h'<!Y ix AyAEKOBiosis 



1. CARBOHYDRATES 



Both lower and higher carbohydrates, either occurring 

 in the media or stored in the body, may be utilized. 



A. Lower carbohydrates. Protozoa. Though no de- 

 termination of the amount of simple sugars used by pro- 

 tozoa during periods of anaerobiosis has been made, there 

 is considerable evidence that such sugars are consumed. 

 Lwoff (1932) found that Glaucoma pyriformis withstands 

 lack of oxygen better in media containing glucose than in 

 those that are sugar-free. Hall (1933) reported that Col- 

 pidium, which grows slowly under practically anaerobic 

 conditions if no sugar is present, grows even better than 

 under aerobic conditions, if the medium contains glu- 

 cose. Cook (1943) demonstrated that the termite proto- 

 zoa, inside the oxygen-poor intestine of their host, are 

 capable of utilizing glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose 

 and sucrose. 



Simple sugars serve frequently as mother-substances 

 for aerobic fermentations. A sugar fermentation, un- 

 der aerobic conditions, leading to organic acids as end 

 products has been demonstrated for trichomonads ( Cail- 

 leau, 1934, 1937; Andrews and von Brand, 1938; Plast- 

 ridge, 1943; Trussell and Johnson, 1941), and for many 

 members of the family Trypanosomatidae (Colas-Belcour 

 and Lwoff, 1925; Kligler, 1926; Noguchi, 1926; Salle and 

 Schmidt, 1928; Yorke, Adams and Murgatroyd, 1929; 

 Regendanz, 1930; Geiger, Kligler and Comaroff, 1930; 

 von Fenyvessy and Scheff, 1930; Salle, 1931; von Isse- 

 kutz, 1933; von Brand, 1933; Reiner and Smythe, 1934; 

 Reiner, Smythe and Pedlow, 1936 ; Christophers and Ful- 

 ton, 1938). Similar processes occur also in malaria par- 

 asites (Maier and Coggeshall, 1941), in some ciliates like 

 Glaucoma, Colpidium and Paramacckim, and others (Co- 

 las-Belcour and Lwoff, 1925; Johnson, 1935; Elliott, 

 1935 ; Glaser and Coria, 1935 ; Loef er, 1938 ; Cunningham 



