CHAPTER XIII 



ORDER 4 HYPERMASTIGIDA GRASSI 



/iLL THE members of this order are inhabitants of the ali- 

 J~\ mentary canal of the termite and other insects. The body 

 organization is of extreme complexity, although there is only a 

 single nucleus. Flagella are numerous and have their origin in 

 blepharoplasts, located at the anterior region of the body. In 

 some species, it has been established by Cleveland that there 

 exists a true symbiotic relationship between the host insects and 

 the protozoans (p. 6). Method of nutrition is either holozoic or 

 parasitic. No cystostome has been detected. Bits of wood, 

 starch grains, and other food materials, are taken in by means 

 of pseudopodia. 



Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal fission; multiple 

 division has also been noted in some species under certain condi- 

 tions. Sexual reproduction has so far not been observed. En- 

 cystment occurs only in Lophomonadidae. Because of the 

 peculiarity and complexity of their structures and also of their 

 common occurrence in termites, the Hypermastigida have in 

 recent years been frequently studied. 



This order is divided into the following eight families: 



Body without segmented appearance 



Flagella arranged in spiral rows Family 1 Holomastigotidae 



Flagella not placed in spiral rows 

 Flagella in one or more tufts 

 One anterior tuft of flagella 



Flagella directed anteriorly Family 2 Lophomonadidae 



Some directed posteriorly Family 3 Joenidae 



Two anterior tufts of flagella Family 4 Hoplonymphidae 



Four anterior tufts of flagella Family 5 Staurojoenidae 



Several anterior tufts (loriculae) Family 6 Kofoidiidae 



Flagella not in tufts Family 7 Trichonymphidae 



Body with segmented appearance Family 8 Cyclonymphidae 



Family 1 Holomastigotidae Janicki 



Flagella are arranged in spiral rows. A part of the posterior 

 region may be free from flagella. The "anterior body" sur- 



["167 1 



