CONTENTS I\ 



II. The Chemistry of Fatty Acids and Glycerol (continued) 



a. Introduction 76 



b. Infrared Absorption 77 



c. Ultraviolet Absorption 78 



d. Raman Spectrum 82 



(6) Isomerism of Fatty Acids 84 



a. Simple Structural Isomerism 84 



(a) Nucleus or Chain Isomerism 84 



(b) Positional Isomerism 84 



(c) Functional or Group Isomerism 84 



b. Stereoisomerism or Space Isomerism 84 



(a) Optical Isomerism 85 



(b) Geometric or CTs-irans-Isomerism 85 



a'. Elaidinization 85 



c. Isomers of Oleic Acid 86 



d. Isomerism of the Polyethenoid Acids 87 



(a) LinoJeic Acid 87 



(b) Triethenoid Acids 88 



(7) Crystalline Structure 89 



a. X-Ray Diffraction Patterns and Crystal Structure 89 



(8) Polymorphism 94 



a. Introduction 94 



b. Polymorphism in the n-Aliphatic Fatty Acid Series 95 



c. Polymorphism in Unsaturated Fatty Acids 99 



(9) Physical Properties of Fatty Acids in Liquid State 99 



a. Density 99 



(a) Specific Volumes of Fatty Acids 101 



(b) Molar Volumes of Fatty Acids 101 



(c) Dilation of Fatty Acids 102 



b. Refractive Index 103 



(a) Molecular Refractivity 104 



c. Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension 105 



d. Viscosity 107 



e. Boiling Points of Fatty Acids 109 



4 . Chemical Properties of Fatty Acids and Related Compounds 109 



(1) Reactions Involving Carboxyl Group 112 



a. Ionic Reaction with Production of Soaps 112 



b. Reactions Involving Esterification 113 



(a) Classification of Esters 113 



(b) Preparation of Esters 114 



a'. Reacting Acid and Alcohol in the Presence of a Cat- 

 alyst 114 



b'. Alcoholysis as a Method for the Synthesis of Esters . . 117 

 c'. Reaction of Alkyl Halides (or Dialkyl Sulfates) with 



the Acids or Their Salts 118 



d'. Reaction of Acid Halides and Alcohol 118 



e'. Prelog and Piantanida Method 119 



(c ) Properties of Posters 119 



a'. Monoesters 119 



b'. Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols 121 



