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201 



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Q. 



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4 - 



O 



(T. 

 UJ" 

 U 



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 _l 



o 



2- 



'-0.7 



24 48 72 96 120 



TIME IN HOURS 



144 



0.5 



UJ 



> 

 0.3 > 

 Q 



-0.1 



1.5 



1.0 



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a 



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168 



FiGiTRE 79. Course of fermentation by streptomyces in 2()0-liter tank (Reproduced from: Tonolo, A 

 et al. Rend. ist. sup. sanita 17: 958, 1954). 



well-aerated cultures, in a glucose-contain- 

 ing medium, at pH 7.0. The pigment was 

 extracted from the mycelium with ethanol, 

 then transferred into Inityl acetate, and the 

 solution percolated through a column of 

 alumina. The column was developed with 95 

 per cent alcohol, followed by absolute alco- 

 hol. Three bands were formed. The main, 

 or middle, band was crystallized, yielding 

 100 to 200 mg of solid material per kilogram 

 of moist actinomycete growth. This pigment 

 was named ferroverdin. The formula assigned 

 was C3oH2408X2Fe. The pigment was found 

 to be insoluble in water and in benzene, 

 chloroform, and certain other organic sol- 

 vents. It was soluble in methanol, ethanol, 

 acetone, and glacial acetic acid. It was re- 

 duced by hydrogen gas, in the presence of a 

 proper catalyst, to a colorless substance. The 

 iron was closely bound, but, after catalytic 

 reduction, it appeared in ionic form. 



H ydroadinochromes 



This group, according to Kriss, comprises 

 pigments that are soluble in water, 96 per 

 cent alcohol, and chloroform, but not in 

 ether, acetone, or CSo . In a natural state, 

 they are violet. In dilute acid solutions, they 

 are orange; in an alkaline solution, dark 

 violet or blue. These pigments are usually 

 found in cultures admixed with other pig- 

 ments, red or orange in color. Krassilnikov 

 included among the cultures producing this 

 type of pigment S. violanus Clasperini and 

 *S. violaceus niger Waksman and Ciutis. The 

 first is said to produce only a small amount 

 of the orange pigment, whereas the second 

 also forms a dark melanin pigment. 



According to Kriss and Krassilnikov, no 

 pigment of this type was found in the nocar- 

 dia cultures, although they reported that one 

 such culture isolated by Berestnew had the 

 capacity to produce such pigments. 



