LIPID STORAGE UNDER ABNORMAL CONDITIONS 669 



deficiency, 769-771 Jukes reported that, in turkeys, it was not prevented 

 when manganese was given. 772 However, when choline was administered 

 together with manganese, to turkeys and chicks, 773,774 perosis was prevented. 

 Arsenocholine was shown to have an antiperotic effect, while gelatin was 

 completely ineffective. In the case of chicks, perosis did not develop on a 

 choline-low diet unless the ration contained an excess of creatine or gelatin 

 (high in glycine, which is a precursor of creatine). 775 In the latter case, 

 0.1% of choline was required to prevent perosis. According to Jukes and 

 Welch, 776 the antiperotic activity of analogues of choline is distinct from 

 their growth-promoting effect. Moreover, perosis occurs without a con- 

 comitant fatty liver. 777 This would indicate that these two effects of cho- 

 line differ from each other. Although Hogan and co-workers 778 are in 

 agreement with the statement that choline is important in preventing per- 

 osis, it is believed that it is not the only natural perosis-inhibiting com- 

 ponent in liver. In fact, Jukes and Oleson 743 reported that dimethylamino- 

 ethanol prevented perosis in the chicken. It is not known how choline func- 

 tions in alleviating perosis. Nichol and Welch 669 called attention to the 

 importance of vitamin B i2 in preventing this condition. However, in spite 

 of the fact that vitamin B12 was shown to increase the effectiveness of cho- 

 line in promoting growth, Kratzer 779 reported that this vitamin decreased 

 the action of choline in preventing perosis. 



(g') The Beneficial Effect of Choline on Nutritional Edema: Alexander 

 and Engel 780 showed that choline was able to counteract the nutritional 

 edema produced when rats were fed low-protein, low-choline diets over a 

 prolonged period. In the case of rats suffering from edema, a substantial 

 increase in body moisture occurred, with a resultant diminution in the con- 

 centration of protein and fat. However, on a dry- weight basis, the rats 

 without choline presented low protein values, but identical body fat values 

 were noted, irrespective of whether or not choline was included in the diet. 



769 T. H. Jukes, /. Nutrition, 13, 359-387 (1937). 



770 H. S. Wilgus, L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Poultry Sci., 16, 232-237 (1937). 



771 H. S. Wilgus, L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Science, 84, 252-253 (1936). 



772 T. H. Jukes, Poultry Sci., 18, 405-406 (1939). 



773 T. H. Jukes, J. Biol. Chem., 134, 789-790 (1940). 



774 T. H. Jukes, /. Nutrition, 20, 445-458 (1940). 



775 T. H. Jukes, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 46, 155-157 (1941). 



776 T. H. Jukes and A. D. Welch, J. Biol. Chem., 146, 19-24 (1942). 



777 D. M. Hegsted, R. C. Mills, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, J. Biol. Chem., 138, 

 459-466(1941). 



778 A. G. Hogan, L. R. Richardson, H. Patrick, and H. L. Kempster, J. Nutrition, 21, 

 327-340(1941). 



779 F. H. Kratzer, /. Nutrition, 48, 201-207 (1952). 



780 H. D. Alexander and R. W. Engel, J. Nutrition, 47, 361-373 (1952). 



