LIPIDS PRESENT IN LIVER 721 



tion to those of the sex glands, which have already been discussed. These 

 include the hormones of the anterior and posterior lobes of the hypophysis, 

 those of the adrenal cortex and of the thyroid gland. 



(a) The Effect of Extracts of the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis on Liver 

 Lipids. The important effect which the pituitary gland exerts on the fat 

 content of the liver was shown by the fact that the injection of pituitrin 

 caused a doubling of the fat content of the liver, which returned to normal 

 in about thirty hours. 111 Insulin inhibited this action on the part of pitui- 

 trin. 112 The marked effect of pituitrin and pitressin on liver fat was demon- 

 strated by Hynd and Rotter, 113114 who found that an increase in liver fat 

 occurred within a few hours after the injection of these agents, concomit- 

 antly with a decrease in the carbohydrate level in this organ. Of the two 

 extracts, pitressin produced the greater effect on the fatty infiltration of the 

 liver. 114 



The relationship of the hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis 

 to fat metabolism (and transport) was first established by Burn and 

 Ling, 115 ' 116 who reported that an increased ketonuria followed their in- 

 jection into rats. These results were confirmed in rats and in man by 

 Hoffmann and Anselmino, 117 ' 118 as well as by many others. 119-128 Ansel- 

 mino and Hoffmann 118 and also Weil and Stetten, 120 reported that an increase 

 in liver fat also occurred ; these latter workers postulated that the anterior 

 pituitary gland assists in the regulation of the fatty acids of the blood. 

 It was suggested that these phenomena are to be traced to the action of a 

 hormone governing fat metabolism, adipokinin, which was assumed to be 



111 R. Coope and E. N. Chamberlain, /. Physiol, 60, 69-78 (1925). 



112 R. Coope, J. Physiol,., 60, 92-94 (1925). 



113 A. Hynd and D. L. Rotter, Biochem. J., 26, 578-585 (1932). 



114 A. Hynd and D. L. Rotter, Biochem. J., 26, 1633-1639 (1932). 

 116 J. H. Burn and H. W. Ling, J. Physiol, 69, xix (1930). 



116 J. H. Burn and H. W. Ling, Quart. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 6, 31-38 (1933). 



117 F. Hoffmann and K. J. Anselmino, Klin. Wochschr., 10, 2380-2383, 2383-2386 

 (1931). 



118 K. J. Anselmino, F. Hoffmann, and E. Rhoden, Arch. ges. Physiol (Pfluger's), 237, 

 515-516 (1936). 



119 B. O. Barnes and J. F. Regan, Endocrinology, 17, 522-528 (1933). 



120 R. Weil and De W. Stetten, Jr., J. Biol. Chem., 168, 129-132 (1947). 



121 C. H. Best and J. Campbell, J. Physiol, 92, 91-110 (1938). 



122 J. S. Butts, C. H. Cutler, and H. J. Deuel, Jr., /. Biol Chem., 105, 45-58 (1934). 



123 P. T. Black, J. B. Collip, and D. L. Thomson, /. Physiol, 82, 385-391 (1934). 



124 V. G. Foglia and P. Mazzocco, Compt. rend. soc. biol, 127, 150-152 (1938). 



125 E. G. Fry, Endocrinology, 21, 283-291 (1937). 



126 E. M. MacKay and R. H. Barnes, Am. J. Physiol, 118, 525-527 (1937). 



127 A. H. Neufeld and J. B. Collip, Endocrinology, 25, 768-774 (1939). 



128 C. H. Gray, Biochem. J., 32, 743-755 (1938). 



