278 IV. DIGESTION OF LIPIDS OTHER THAN FATS 



sprouts, 177 cabbage lipids, 183 spinach lipids, 176 the waxes of grapefruit 

 peel, 181 and in the Chinese wax insect (Coccus ceriferus) , 184 as well as n- 

 pentatriacontane (C35) reported in sugar-cane wax. 18S 



(2) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 



There are a number of unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a wide 

 distribution in the tissues of marine animals. Whether these hydro- 

 carbons originate in the liver of these animals, or whether they are ab- 

 sorbed as such and stored in the liver, is not certain. 



Squalene, C30H30, is one of the commonest of the unsaturated hydro- 

 carbons. This unsaturated hydrocarbon was first isolated in 1906 from 

 the liver oil of a black shark of the genus Zameus, by Tsujimoto. 186 It 

 was later shown to occur in the liver oils of sixteen of thirty-six species of 

 elasmobranch fishes, all from Japanese waters. 187 Although squalene is 

 found almost exclusively in marine organisms, it has been reported from 

 several plant sources. Thus, Thorbjarnarson and Drummond 188 found 

 that the non-saponifiable fraction of Palestinian, Tunisian, Spanish, and 

 Turkish olive oils contained 31 to 64% of this hydrocarbon. It is also 

 present in yeast fat 189 but not in tea-seed oil. 188 



Other unsaturated hydrocarbons present in fish liver oils include pris- 

 tane, Ci 8 H 3 8, from the basking shark (Cetorhinvs maximus), m ' ni and other 

 fishes, 192 gadusene, Ci 8 H 32 , from the Japanese ishinagi (Stereolepis ishi- 

 nagi), in and zamene, Ci 8 H 3 6, from the basking shark. 190 Gadusene also 

 occurs in wheat germ oil, 194 rice germ oil, and soybean oil. 196 Peanut 

 oil contains hypogene, Ci 5 H 30 , and arachidene, C19H38, 196 while at least 



184 F. J. E. Collins, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 54, 33-35T (1935). 



185 N. L. Vidyarthi and M. Narasingarao, J. Indian Chem. Soc, 16, 135-143 (1939). 



186 M. Tsujimoto, /. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan, 9, 953 (1906); Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 889- 

 896 (1916). 



187 M. Tsujimoto, Ind. Eng. Chem., 12, 63-73 (1920). 



188 T. Thorbjarnarson and J. C. Drummond, Analyst, 60, 23-29 (1935). 



189 K. Taufel, H. Thaler, and H. Shrevegg. Z. Untersuch. Lebensm., 72, 394-404 

 (1936). 



190 M. Tsujimoto, BuU. Chem. Soc. Japan, 10, 144-148, 149-153 (1935); J. Chem. Soc. 

 Japan, 55, 702-741 (1934); Chem. AbsL, 28, 6484 (1934). 



191 M. Tsujimoto, Ind. Eng. Chem., 9, 1098-1099 (1917). 



192 Y. Toyama and T. Tsuchiya, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan, 38, suppl., 254-258 (1935). 



193 M. Tsujimoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 6, 237-239 (1931); Chem. AbsL, 26, 612- 

 613 (1932). 



194 J. C. Drummond, E. Singer, and R. J. Mac Walter, Biochem. J., 29, 456-471 

 (1935). 



195 Z. Nakamiva, Sci. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Research, Tokyo, 28, 16-26 (1935). 



196 H. Marcelet, Bull. soc. chim., \5\, 8, 1156-1160, 2055-2057 (1936); Compt. rend., 

 202. 867-869, 1809-1811 (1936). 



