FACTORS ALTERING CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD LIPIDS 431 



According to Spitzer, 437 the hyperlipemia sets in very slowly, requiring 

 about forty minutes. It occurs only when visible lipemia is already present. 

 The effect can be repeated. Since two other antiheparin substances, 

 namely, toluidine blue and neutral red, failed to influience vsible lipemia, 

 Spitzer 437 suggests that the effect of protamine is a sui generis action rather 

 than a consequence of its antiheparin property. 



c. The Effect of Bile Acids. Cholic acid, when injected as the sodium 

 salt, causes a hypercholesterolemia in fasting rats. 465 Friedman and 

 Byers 465 suggest that this result may indicate that various hypercholes- 

 terolemic states, heretofore considered as primary or idiopathic, may be 

 secondary to an initial derangement of cholate metabolism. In later work, 

 Byers and Friedman 466 reported that, when cholic acid was fed to rats with 

 obstructed bile ducts, the hypercholesterolemia associated with the obstruc- 

 tion was further increased. However, this effect was specific for cholic 

 acid, since desoxycholic, glycocholic, and dehydrocholic acids did not 

 produce this effect. 



Siperstein and colleagues 467 demonstrated an interesting effect exerted 

 by ferric chloride, which is related to the bile acids. It was found that the 

 feeding of FeCl 3 prevented the hypercholesterolemia and the associated 

 atheromata produced by cholesterol feeding in the cockerel. These findings 

 suggest that the binding of bile salts in the intestinal tract, and consequent 

 suppression of cholesterol absorption, may offer a method for controlling 

 the development of atherosclerosis. It has long been recognized that 

 ferric chloride is able to precipitate bile acids in vitro. 



d. The Effect of Miscellaneous Substances. Insulin-free pancreatic 

 extracts were found to decrease blood lipids in the case of rabbits. 468 The 

 maximum effect was reached in six hours, and this was followed by a rise 

 above normal during the following eighteen hours. The action of choline 

 was similar but less marked. On the other hand, the intravenous adminis- 

 tration of hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma to normal rabbits resulted 

 in a rapid increase in total serum cholesterol, followed by a gradual de- 

 crease. 469 Chung and Shaw 470 noted that the intravenous injection of a 

 surface-active agent, triton, into a goat and two cows resulted in a marked 

 increase in all plasma lipids except phospholipid. In the case of one cow, 



466 M. Friedman and S. O. Byers, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 78, 528-529 (1951). 



466 S. O. Byers and M. Friedman, Am. J. Physiol, 168, 138-139 (1952). 



467 M. D. Siperstein, C. W. Nichols, Jr., and I. L. Chaikoff, Science, 117, 386-389 

 (1953). 



468 J. Schneider and F. Stutinsky, Compt. rend. soc. biol., US, 475-477 (1949). 



469 E. Oppenheim and M. Bruger, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 75, 636-638 (1950). 



470 A. C. Chung and J. C. Shaw, J. Dairy Sci., 34, 1180-1185 (1951). 



