434 V. BLOOD LIPIDS 



results of Reicher, 478 and Bloor 222 could not demonstrate an increased 

 lipemia as a result of subjecting dogs on a low-fat diet to chloroform for three 

 hours. In the case of one dog on a high-fat diet, Bloor 222 did report a 

 hyperlipemia as a result of chloroform anesthesia. Gray 483 demonstrated 

 an increase in blood cholesterol in rabbits three weeks after they had been 

 subjected to several daily doses of chloroform. On the other hand, 

 Lehnherr 484 found that all blood lipids, including cholesterol, were depressed 

 during carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Both of the latter results are prob- 

 ably correct, but they merely reflect the effect of differences in dosage. 



When large amounts of alcohol are given to human subjects and to 

 animals, a hyperlipemia develops. 485-488 Feigl 488 was able to separate the 

 alcohol effect into three distinct steps. In the first place, a hyperlecithin- 

 emia occurred in three to eight hours. This was followed by a hyperchole- 

 sterolemia, which was largely due to the increase in the free cholesterol 

 fraction. Finally, after fifteen to eighteen hours, a marked increase in the 

 neutral fat level occurred in the blood. In chronic alcoholism, hyperli- 

 pemia was also frequently observed. A visible lipemia was noted in about 

 20% of the cases, while a moderate rise in the level of blood lipids was ob- 

 served in 66% of the subjects. About 28% of the group had a normal 

 amount of blood lipids. 



Morphine was shown by Bloor 222 to produce no immediate effect on 

 blood lipids ; an increase in this fraction did not result until twenty-four 

 hours after the drug was given. This delayed effect is probably referable 

 to the damage to the liver. The injury to the liver may also account for 

 the delayed hyperlipemia occurring after chloroform intoxication. Ac- 

 cording to Gray, 483 paraldehyde and urethane are innocuous as far as 

 effects on blood lipids are concerned. Hospers 479 reported that neither 

 ethylene nor nitrous oxide appears to affect the blood cholesterol. 



d. The Blood Lipids as Affected by Vitamin Deficiencies. Following 

 early studies based upon diets completely free from vitamins, several 

 investigators reported the occurrence of a hyperlipemia of considerable 

 magnitude. 356,489-491 Asada 491 suggested that, in avitaminosis, the body 



483 S. H. Gray, J. Biol. Chem., 87, 591-596 (1930). 



484 E. R. Lehnherr, Arch. Internal Med., 56, 98-104 (1935). 



485 V. Ducceschi, Arch. ital. biol, 70, 93-114 (1920). 



486 V. Ducceschi, Arch. Fisiol, IS, 147-153 (1915); 16, 117-124 (1918). 



487 V. Duccheschi and V. Barilari, Arch. Fisiol, 14, 21-27 (1916). 



488 J. Feigl, Biochem. Z., 92, 282-317 (1918). 



489 J. A. Collazo and G. Bosch, Biochem. Z., 141, 370-378 (1923). 



490 K. Onohara, Biochem. Z., 163, 67-74 (1925). 



491 K. Asada, Biochem. Z., 142, 44-52 (1923). 



