444 V. BLOOD LIPIDS 



and total fat in the serum and kidneys; on the other hand, there was an 

 increase in fatty acids, cholesterol, and total fat in the liver, and a decrease 

 in brain phosphatides, with a simultaneous increase in cholesterol. Ac- 

 cording to these results, adrenalin has an insulin-like action. 



The injection of epinephrine has been shown to provoke a temporary 

 ketonemia, as well as a ketonuria 569 ; this effect is presumably due to the 

 physiological action of this hormone in inhibiting the combustion of carbo- 

 hydrates. 



(d) Variations Primarily Related to the Pancreas. Hyperlipemia and 

 hypercholesterolemia are well known symptoms of diabetes mellitus in 

 man. However, since the involvement in diabetes may be extensive and 

 not limited to the pancreas alone, much more definite information can 

 be obtained by the study of the blood picture following experimental 

 pancreatectomy than in the diabetic syndrome in man. 



a'. Hyperlipemia in Experimental Pancreatectomy: The most convinc- 

 ing information which is available as to the role played by the pancreas 

 in the control of the level of blood lipids is that obtained by study of de- 

 pancreatized animals. In this case, the data are largely based upon ex- 

 periments with dogs, because of the relative ease of the surgical procedure 

 and the ability of this species to survive the operation without untoward 

 effects. A large number of investigators 225,570 " 576 have demonstrated that 

 all lipid components of the plasma increase markedly following the ex- 

 tirpation of the pancreas. Gibbs and Chaikoff reported that the hyper- 

 lipemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperphosphatidemia occur in depan- 

 creatized dogs deprived of insulin only when they are fed, 572 or when they 

 are given raw pancreas prior to and following the operation. 573 Allen 570 

 reported that the blood of depancreatized dogs receiving a high-fat diet 

 may contain as much as 15% of fat. This investigator suggested that, in 

 addition to the effect of a high fat diet, the presence of a hyperlipemia in 

 these dogs is dependent upon a clinically severe diabetes, resulting from 

 the operation, as evidenced by the glycosuria and hyperglycemia. Thus, 

 Allen believes that the high lipid levels in the blood reflect a secondary 



669 R. S. Hubbard and F. R. Wright, J. Biol. Chem., 49, 385-388 (1921). 



670 F. M. Allen, /. Metabolic Research, 2, 219-298 (1922). 



571 H. E. Himwich, W. H. Chambers, A. L. Hunter, and M. A. Spiers, Am. J. Physiol., 

 99, 619-625 (1932). 



572 G. E. Gibbs and I. L. Chaikoff, Endocrinology, 29, 877-884 (1941). 



573 G. E. Gibbs and I. L. Chaikoff, Endocrinology, 29, 885-899 (1941). 



674 A. L. Lichtman, J. Biol. Chem., 120, 35-40 (1937). 



675 I. I. Nitzescu, C. Popescu-Inotesti, and I. Cadariu, Compl. rend. soc. biol., 90, 

 538-539 (1924). 



576 Y. Seo, Arch, exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. Naunyn Schmiedeberg 1 s, 61, 1-6 (1909). 



