486 V. BLOOD LIPIDS 



lipemia, although a severe glycosuria would occur. It has been shown 

 that fat is removed from the blood by the muscles and liver of phlorhizin- 

 ized dogs. 571 



(b) Phosphorus. Phosphorus is a substance which, when injected into 

 animals, causes a migration of fat to the liver (the so-called fatty infiltra- 

 tion of the liver). During the initial phases of this reaction, a hyperlip- 

 emia occurs; after the fat has been transferred to the liver, blood fat de- 

 creases, and a hypolipemia supervenes, if the animal survives for a suf- 

 ficient period. 832 Cholesterol and neutral fat are high in both stages, the 

 phospholipids being considerably reduced. 



(c) Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride. Both chloroform, CHC1 3 , 

 and carbon tetrachloride, CCU, are liver poisons; fatty infiltration of the 

 liver results after either substance is administered. The reaction of the 

 body is similar to that obtained in phosphorus poisoning, namely an initial 

 hyperlipemia followed by a subsequent hypolipemia. 484 - 832 



8. Factors Altering the Concentration of the Carotenoids and of 

 the Fat- Soluble Vitamins in Blood 



(1) Carotenoids and Vitamins A 



In view of the close association of /3-carotene, the principal carotenoid 

 found in blood and the most important of the provitamins A, with vita- 

 min A, it is logical that these compounds should be considered simultane- 

 ously. 



a. Normal Values for Serum Carotene and Vitamin A. The blood 

 serum of normal adults contains ^-carotene in amounts varying from 50 to 

 500 microgram per cent, with an average of approximately 200 microgram 

 per cent. Kimble 833 reported mean values of 166 microgram per cent for /3- 

 carotene in the case of thirty healthy men (range 50-300). The average 

 figure for thirty-four healthy women was given as 187 microgram per cent 

 (range 90-340). Murrill et al. s3i reported a mean value of 213 ± 72 micro- 

 gram per cent, while Sobotka 835 recorded figures between 100 and 250 

 microgram per cent. The value cited by Ralli and her associates 836 was 



832 H. Heinlein and M. Angermann, Centr. allgem. Pathol, u. path. Anat., 58, Suppl., 

 81-95 (1933); Chem. Abst., 27, 5423 (1933). 



833 M. S. Kimble, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 24, 1055-1065 (1939). 



834 W. A. Murrill, P. B. Horton, E. Leiberman, and L. H. Newburgh, /. Clin. Invest, 

 20, 395-100(1941). 



835 H. H. Sobotka, Personal communication; cited by M. E. Yarbrough and W. J. 

 Dann, J. Nutrition, 22, 597-607 (1941), p. 601. 



836 E. P. Ralli, E. Bauman, and L. B. Roberts, /. Clin. Invest., 20, 709-713 (1941). 



