562 VI. OCCURRENCE OF LIPIDS IN THE ANIMAL 



for the indirect estimation of fat in man and other mammals. Kraybill 

 et al. 229 reported that the antipyrine method is satisfactory for the estima- 

 tion of fat in cattle. 



In spite of the relatively poor results obtained by Soberman and co- 

 workers 225 by the use of antipyrine in the case of edematous patients, other 

 workers found that this drug may yield accurate data when a rapid change 

 in body water obtains. Thus, Steele and associates 227 reported that the an- 

 tipyrine method is accurate to 0.5 liter for measurement of body water be- 

 fore and after paracentesis (tapping of the abdominal cavity) in ascitic 

 patients. Antipyrine and heavy water have both been employed success- 

 fully in the determination of body water in edematous patients, both before 

 and after the cessation of the edema. 230 The antipyrine method yields 

 somewhat lower results than does the heavy water method in edema; in 

 the case of infants and in growing children, the results obtained with anti- 

 pyrine have been found by Friis-Hansen et al 2Z1 to be about 1.8% lower 

 than those obtained by the heavy water method. The discrepancy has 

 been attributed to a systematic error in the latter procedure, attributable to 

 the hydrogen exchange. Greenberg 232 has compiled a critical review on 

 antipyrine. 



(d') Miscellaneous Compounds. — A number of substances do not meet 

 the qualifications as test solutes, or there are insufficient data at the present 

 time to prove their usefulness. Potassium is not satisfactory. 233 Alcohol 234 

 and glycerol, 235 which do mix readily with body water, are metabolized at 

 such high and possibly variable rates as to render them unreliable as test 

 solutes. Thiourea, which was proposed as a rough measure of change in 

 body water, by Danowski, 236 has been criticized as a test solute. 202-204 Sul- 

 fanilamide has been suggested by Painter 199 for this purpose, because of its 

 ready penetration into all tissues; however, it has been rejected, largely on 

 the basis that it progressively disappears from the tissues. 237 ' 238 Keys and 



229 H. F. Kraybill, O. G. Hankins, and H. L. Bitter, J. Applied Physiol, 8, 681-689 

 (1951). 



23 ° W. W. Hurst, F. R. Schemm, and W. C. Vogel, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 39, 36-40 (1952). 



231 B. J. Friis-Hansen, M. Holiday, T. Stapleton, and W. M. Wallace, Pediatrics, 7, 

 321-327(1951). 



232 L. A. Greenberg, Antipyrine. A Critical Bibliographic Review, Hillhouse Press, 

 New Haven, 1950. 



233 A. W. Winkler and P. K. Smith, J. Biol. Chem., 124, 589-598 (1938). 



234 E. M. Widmark, Die theorelische Gruadlagen und die praktische Verwendbarkeit der 

 gerichtlich-medizinischen Alkoholbestimmung , Urban, Berlin-Vienna, 1932. Fortschr. 

 naturwiss.-Forsch., No. 11, 1932; Review, J. Am. Med. Assoc, 98, 1834 (1932). 



236 E. J. Hoist, Acta Physiol. Scand., 7, 69-79 (1944). 



236 T. S. Danowski, J. Biol. Chem., 152, 207-212 (1944). 



237 H. S. Sise, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 40, 451-454 (1939). 



238 A. Waterhouse and J. A. Shannon, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 50, 188-192 (1942). 



