CONTEXTS 113 



PAGE 



Ol) 



■i; Extent of Early Use of Prccipitiu Test; Preparatiou aud 

 Prerequisites of a Satisfactory Immune Serum, 225; Inoculation 

 of Animals; Inoculation of Animals According to Kolmer; Inocu- 

 lation of Animals According to Dean; Methods Used in This 

 Laboratory, 226; When to Bleed Animals; Obtaining Immune 

 Serum; Titration After Uhlenhuth; Technique of Nuttall, 227; 

 Quantitative Technique of Nuttall; Time of Incubation; The 

 King Test, 228; Eange of Specificity; Practical Use of the Test; 

 Adsorption and Agglutination Technique; Optimal Proportion of 

 Immune Serum and Antigen, 229; Proportion of Immune Serum 

 and Antigen Used by Nuttall; Importance of Optimal Proportions 

 of Antigen and Antibody, 230; Coarse Test of Dean and Webb; 

 Optimal Proportions Fine Test, 231; Tube Five Contains Optimal 

 Proportions; Unit Suggested by Dean and Webb; Precipitins 

 Used to Estimate Haptens and Proteins; Eeason for Coexistence 

 of Antigen and Antibody in Blood, 232; Nature of Precipitate; 

 Effect of pH on the Eeaction; Effect of Salts on the Keaction, 

 233; Suppression Phenomenon of Landsteiner; Haptens, 234; 

 Haptens Yield Precipitates With Homologous Immune Serum; 

 Eeasons for Diluting Immune Serum in Agglutinin and Antigen 

 in Older Precipitation Tests, 235. 



CHAPTER XIV 

 Toxins and Antitoxins _______-------- 241 



Toxins Defined; True Toxins, 241; Etiological Agent of Diph- 

 theria and Tetanus Discovered; Invasive Power of C. Diphtheriae; 

 Effect of Toxin on Lower Animals, 242; Symptoms in Susceptible 

 Animals; Pathology in Lower Animals, 243; Effect on Dogs, 

 Sheep, and Birds; Diphtheria in Man, 244; Symptoms; Pathology 

 in Man; Causes of Death in Diphtheria; Source and Nature of 

 Diphtheria Toxin, 245; Effect of Heat, Drouth, and Chemicals 

 on Toxins, 246; Toxoid or Anatoxin; Method of Measuring Toxin 

 and Antitoxin, 247; L, Dose of Toxin, 249; pH of Toxin; Reli- 

 ability of Ramon Test, 250; Theories of Toxin- Antitoxin Mech- 

 anism; Ehrlich, 251; Arrhenius and Madsen; Bordet's Theory of 

 Adsorption; Zone Phenomenon, 252; Other Examples of the Zone 

 Phenomenon; Danysz Effect, 253; M.R.D., 254; Schick Test for 

 Susceptibility; Variation in Susceptibles in Urban and Rural Pop- 

 ulations, 255; Susceptibility in Young Adults; Susceptibility De- 

 termined by First Dose of T.A.T. ; Active and Passive Immunity, 

 256; Passive Immunity; Dosage of Antitoxin; Method of Admin- 

 istering Antitoxin, 257; Prophylactic Dose of Antitoxin; Active 

 Immunity; Active Immunization of Horses With T.A.T., 258; Sus- 

 ceptibility Tests in New York; Park's Pioneer Work on Active 

 Immunization; Preparation of T.A.T., 259; Advantages of New 



