TOXIXS AND ANTITOXINS 263 



such a toxoid he olMained 94 per cent successful immunizations 

 against diphtheria. He says that Volk of Pontiac was successful 

 in immunizing- 83.8 per cent with two injections and 47 per cent 

 with one injection of the .same toxoid. The objection to the 

 Ramon toxoid is that severe reactions are produced frequently 

 in older cliildren and adults. Foi* this reason Park adopted toxoid 

 for the immunization of pi'c-scliool children and toxin-antitoxin 

 for school children and adults. Bigler and Werner (1941) recom- 

 mend for infants and young children combined immunization 

 against tetanus and diphtheria, using two injections of 1 c.c. or 

 three injections of 0.5 c.c. of the combined toxoids. They prefer 

 intervals of three months or more between injections. 



Inunction as Method of Immunization. — Park has also tried out 

 immunization with toxoid by inunction using toxoid mixed with 

 lanolin after Loewenstein. Apparently 4 or 5 rubbings made at 

 weekly intervals immunized about 70 per cent of the susceptibles 

 (children) on whom it was used. The only advantages are in 

 those cases in Avhich consent for injection of toxoid cannot be ob- 

 tained or "in institutions where a nurse can apply it to the chil- 

 dren as they enter" (Park and Schroder, 1932). 



Alum Toxoids. — Glenny (1931) states that he and his associ- 

 ates reported in 1926 and 1928 that the addition of 0.01 to 0.1 

 per cent of potassium alum to toxoid increases the antigenic 

 response. Park and Schroder (1932) state that they have had 

 good results altliough their series is short and the period of ob- 

 servation less than one year at tlic time of their report. They 

 report guinea pig experiments that yielded interesting results. 

 One large injection of alum toxoid (0.5 c.c.) or two doses ol" 

 Ys c.c. each at weekly intervals produced inununity in 80 per 

 cent of a series of guinea pigs as compared with 50 per cent and 

 20 per cent, respectively, for corresponding doses of toxoid with- 

 out alum administered to a second series of animals. 



In 1931 Glenny and Barr recommended that alum toxoid 

 precipitates be used as antigens. They state that from 1 to 2 

 per cent of alum will precipitate all of the toxoid; the amount of 

 alum required varies "with the batch of toxoid. They recommended 

 the resuspension of these precipitates in saline containing 0.5 per 

 cent phenol. They noted that when amounts of alum varying 

 from 3.5 to 10.0 per cent are used, the purity of the precipitate 



