TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS 269 



small amount of antitoxin are said to develop immunity more 

 rapidly than those who do not have some immunity. In all im- 

 munization work one recognizes that the body must be stimulated 

 by the antigen over a relatively long period of time. Where an 

 antigen is rapidly absorbed and perhaps much of it destroyed 

 or eliminated, it is necessary to give several injections, and care 

 must be used as to the time interval between injections. This 

 varies with the physiological capacity of the body to respond. 

 The first injection is called the primary stimulus. The subse- 

 quent injections are given just far enough apart to keep the anti- 

 body content of the blood rising. 



9. Ramon's work in active-passive immunity is discussed briefly. 

 Whetlier or not his new method of treating tetanus or diphtheria 

 will find general acceptance will depend upon a more extensive 

 clinical trial. 



References 



Anderson, J. : Transmission of Kesistance to Diphtheria Toxine by 



Female Guinea Pig to Her Young, J. Med. Res. 15: 24, 1906. 

 Arrhenius, S., and Madsen, T. : Immunochemistry, New York, 1907, The 



Macmillan Co. 

 Banzhaf, E. J.: The Preparation and Purification of Toxins, Toxoids, and 



Antitoxins, Newer Knowledge of Bacteriology and Immunology, 



Chicago, 1928, University of Chicago Press, p. 745. 

 Bayne- Jones, S. : The Titration of Toxins and Antitoxins by the Floccula- 



tion Method, J. Immunol. 9: 481, 1924. Also, Newer Knowledge of 



Bacteriology and Immunology, Chicago, 1928, University of Chicago 



Press, p. 759. 

 Behring, E. von, and Kitasato, S. : Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diph- 



therie-Immunitat und der Tetanus — Immunitat bei Thieren, Deutsche 



med. Wchnschr. 16: 1113, 1890. 

 Bigler, J. A., and Werner, Marie: Active Immunization Against Tetanus and 



Diphtheria in Infants and Children, J. A. M. A. 116: 2355, 1941. 

 Birkhaug, K. E.: Toxin Production of S. Erysipelatis, Proc. Soc. Exper. 



Biol. & Med. 23: 201, 1925. Toxin Production of Streptococcus 



Erysipelatis, Ibid., p. 291. 

 Bordet, J.: Studies in Immunity (Translated by Gay), New York, 1909, 



John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

 Bull, C. G., and Pritchett, I. W.: Toxin and Antitoxin of and Protective 



Inoculation Against Bacillus Welchii, J. Exper. Med. 26: 119, 1917. 



The Prophylactic and Therapeutic Properties of the Antitoxin for 



Bacillus Welchii, Ibid., p. 603. Identity of the Toxins of Different 



Strains of Bacillus Welchii and Factors Influencing Their Production 



in Vitro, Ibid., p. 867. 

 Calmette, A., and Massol, L.: Les precipitines du serum antivenimeux 



vis-a-vis du venin de cobra, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 23: 155, 1909. 

 Cameron, G. D. W., and Gibbard, J.: Report of a Trial of a New Schick- 



toxin, J. Immunol. 40: 47, 3941. 



