352 



IMMITNOLOGY 



This will probably be best appreciated from a study of the fol- 

 lowing list of species belonging to each of the divisions mentioned 

 above, together with reference to specific immunological research 

 relative to each species. 



Divisit)n T. Species wliieh can be identified serologically by means of a 

 higli-titered monovalent, species-specific immune serum. 

 E. typhosa (Downs, 1925) ; Mycohactermm tuber cidosis (Eice 

 and Eeed, 1932, Wilson, 1925) ; Pfeifferella whitmorei (Stanton 

 and Fletcher) ; Microsyira comma (Douglas, 1929) ; CoccohaciJ- 

 lus foetidus osanea (Topley and Wilson 1:309); Pasteurella 

 pestis (Topley and Wilson 1:486); H. pertussis (Topley and 

 Wilson 1:505); Brucella abortus (Walton, 1930, and Topley 

 and Wilson 1:515); CI. chauvei (Topley and Wilson 1:533); 

 Treponema pallidum (Eice, 1932, also Topley and Wilson 

 1:570); Staphylococcus aureus (Julianelle, 1922, also Topley 

 and Wilson 1:391). 



Division II. Species, each represented by a limited number of distinct 

 antigenic types, some subtypes and perhaps a heterogeneous 

 group. 



streptococcus hemolyticus (Topley and Wilson 1:373); Neis- 

 seria gonorrhoea (Atkin, 1925, also Topley and Wilson 1:356); 

 Neisseria meningitidis (Branham, 1932, also Topley and Wilson 

 1:341); B. dysenteria (Topley and Wilson 1:458); Friedlander 

 bacillus (Julianelle, 1926, also Topley and Wilson 1:464, 465, 

 469); B. mallei (Topley and Wilson 1:307); CI. tetani (Topley 

 and Wilson 1:557); B. paratyphosus B. (Jordan, 1923); B. 

 enteritidis (Sherwood, Downs and McNaught, 1920). 



Division III. Species which show such extreme antigenic heterogeneity that 

 immune serum is of no value in species identification. 

 B. coli (Dulaney, 1928, Mackie, 1913, also Topley and Wilson 

 1:427); B. proteus (Topley and Wilson 1:408); Bhizobium 

 leguminosarum (Topley and Wilson 1:315); C. diphtheriae 

 (Topley and Wilson 1:287); Aerobic spore producers (Treece, 

 1920); CI. ivelchii (Topley and Wilson 1:540); Streptococcus 

 viridans (Hooker and Anderson, 1929) ; Pseudomones pyocyan- 

 eous (Sherwood, .Johnson and Radotinsky, 1926). 



Lack of Standard Procedure. — It should be remembered that 

 these three divisions are based upon agglutination, absorption and 

 complement fixation work by different individuals using various 

 techniques and cellular antigens prepared in different ways. While 

 type-specific polysaccharides have been found in a number of 

 species, not many have been studied extensively to ascertain what 

 haptens and antigenic fractions they contain and whether one or 

 more are species specific. In some of the studies reported, methods 

 of extraction have been used that have apparently racemized 

 or denatured tlie bacterial antigens. One could deal more intelli- 



