IIYPERSENSITIVENESS 483 



and demonstrated typical Dale reactions with the excised uterine 

 horns. They state that anaphj-lactic phenomena observed in the 

 white rat are similar to those described for the dog. Spain and 

 Grove (1925) report that they were unable to sensitize guinea pigs 

 passively with precipitating rat serum. Zinsser, Enders, and 

 l^'othergill (1939) suggest that this is due not only to the low 

 antibody titer of the serum used, but, perhaps, also to tlie 

 heterogeneity of the rat serum. 



Anaphylaxis in Frog's. — In 1911 Friedberger and Mita inocu- 

 lated a few frogs with 0.1 c.c. of sheep serum intravenously and 

 after a period of seven to ten days gave a second injection of 

 0.25 to 0.5 c.c. of the same antigen. They report a definite de- 

 crease in pulse rate and note that the pulse is also weaker. Within 

 two hours the animals were too weak to respond when stimu- 

 lated mechanically. Kritchevsky and Birger (1924) were unable 

 to confirm these results. Goodncr (1926), working in our labora- 

 tory, was likewise unable to confirm the clinical findings but he 

 Avas able to confirm, by means of in vitro studies, the findings of 

 Friedberger and Mita as to the sensitization of the frog heart. 

 AVhen specific antigen is added to a bath of Ringer's solution in 

 Avliich the excised heart from a sensitized frog is suspended, there 

 "will occur an abrupt fall in amplitude and some decrease in 

 rate" (Goodner, 1926, p. 338). 



Anaphylaxis in Turtles. — ^The phenomenon of anaphylaxis in 

 turtles was investigated by both Sherwood and Downs (1928) 

 and Downs (1928). The results of the former deal wdth passive 

 sensitization and may be summarized as follows : 



1. Passive sensitization of turtles (ten out of a series of thirty- 

 six) was accomplished by injecting them with high titered im- 

 mune rooster serum. 



2. When a shock dose of antigen was injected into the ventricles 

 of the heart, a specific reaction occurred. It consisted of a marked 

 slowing of the heart, increase in diastole, a decrease in amplitude, 

 cardiac engorgement, and a sinking of the heart to a lower level. 

 There was an apparent rise in tone probably due to the latter 

 phenomenon. 



3. In two of the turtles that showed positive results for pas- 

 sive sensitization, the hearts returned to normal and survived 



