HYPERSENSITIVENESS 485 



in liis studies one monkey developed, after prolonged sensitization, 

 symptoms similar to those of serum sickness in man. 



Kopeloff and Kopeloff (1936, 1939) seem to have produced 

 both acute anaphylactic shock and the Arthus phenomenon in the 

 Rhesus monkey. The functional and pathological changes ob- 

 served in acute shock were prolonged clotting time of the blood, 

 reduction in blood platelets and presence of skin hemorrhages. 

 There were certain variable changes observed such as "emphysema, 

 edema and hemorrhage of the lungs, edema and hemorrhages of 

 the intestinal tract." Hemorrhages were also observed occa- 

 sionally in other organs. The Schultz-Dale reaction was negative 

 with both intestinal loops and uterine strips. They say there was 

 no correlation found between the precipitin titer of the serum and 

 the degree of sensitivity as determined by shock. , 



Anaphylaxis in Man. — Coca (1927) states that in his opinion 

 "the existence of the condition of anaphylaxis in human indi- 

 viduals has not been demonstrated ; in other words, no human 

 pathological change has yet been shown to be the result of an 

 anaphylactic antibody-antigen reaction." In his opinion ana- 

 phylaxis comparable to that observed in the lower animals has 

 not been observed in man. He calls attention to extensive clini- 

 cal observations that immediate symptoms of anaphylactic shock 

 have not occurred as the result of a second injection of horse 

 serum. He chooses to disregard the few cases that have shown 

 symptoms of acute shock and does not classify serum disease, 

 which occurs several days or weeks after a first injection of horse 

 serum, as anaphylaxis. Zinsser, Enders, and Fothergill (1939) is 

 of the opinion that the latter will ultimately be shown to be an ex- 

 pression of anaphylaxis in man. 



Criteria of Anaphylaxis. — Wells (1929) calls attention to cer- 

 tain criteria which, if ol)served, will enable one to differentiate 

 between true anaphylaxis and the phenomena resembling it which 

 do not depend upon an antibody-antigen mechanism such as is 

 described in the preceding pages. These criteria he lists as fol- 

 lows: 



"1. The observed toxicity of the injected material must depend 

 upon the sensitization of the animal ; i.e., the substance must not 

 produce similar symptoms in non-sensitized animals. 



