CONTENTS 

 INTRODUCTION 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. The General Background 3 



II. Classification of Animal Aggregations 12 



III. Formation of Animal Aggregations 38 



IV. General Factors Conditioning Aggregations .... 65 

 V. Integration of Aggregations 81 



HARMFUL EFFECTS OF AGGREGATIONS 



VI. Harmful Effects of Crowding upon Growth . . . . 10 1 



VII. Retarding Influence of Crowding on the Rate of Repro- 

 duction 120 



VIII. Crowding and Increased Death-Rate 136 



BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF AGGREGATIONS 



IX. Stimulation of Growth by Crowding 147 



X. Stimulating Effects of Crowding on the Rate of Repro- 

 duction 161 



XI. Effect of Crowding on Survival and Oxygen Consumption 181 



XII. Protection from Toxic Reagents 201 



XIII. Resistance to Hypotonic Sea-Water 222 



XIV. Relation between Density of Population and Insect Sur- 

 vival 236 



XV. Communal Activity of Bacteria 247 



XVI. Mass Physiology of Spermatozoa 263 



GENERAL EFFECTS OF AGGREGATIONS 



XVII. Influence of Crowding upon Sex Determination . . . 289 



.XVIII. Morphological Effects of Crowding 311 



CONCLUSION 



XIX. Animal Aggregations and Social Life 337 



XX. The Principle of Co-operation 352 



Bibliography 365 



Index 413 



.'^T6G3 



