CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS 27 



Passalidae, which remain with the larvae and the pupae. Alverdes 

 Hsts also cases of at least seasonal monogamous mating among 

 spiders, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. 



(3) Communal connubium, or promiscuity, occurs among many 

 fishes at the spawning grounds, among certain lizards, and among 

 gregarious bats. It is also reported for the American bison, for the 

 American cowbird, and among various other birds (Alverdes). 

 Miller (1928) summarizes evidence that this is a common state 

 among anthropoid apes and certain monkeys; unlike most modern 

 sociologists, he believes this represents the original mating relation- 

 ship among Homo sapiens. 



(4) A conconnubium is formed when monogamous animals collect 

 during the breeding period, forming small societies that continue 

 during copulation. Deegener gives as examples the viper (probably 

 Pelias) and birds, such as gulls, which move at mating time to a 

 restricted location and there form seasonal pairs. 



c) Perversum simplex applies to those cases where males attempt 

 to mate with each other, as has been observed for drones of the honey 

 bee, after they are driven out of the nest in the autumn, and for 

 various other insects, including certain beetles and house flies. 



d) Preconnubia occur when individuals of one sex collect at one 

 place before the mating season, or both sexes may be present, but 

 without mating. Such preconnubia occur among many frogs and 

 birds. 



e) Synhesmia are swarming societies which collect under the in- 

 fluence of reproductive drives. Androsynhesmia, male swarms; gyno- 

 synhesmia, female swarms; and amphoterosynhesmia, or mixed 

 swarms, are known to occur. 



II. Societies that are not immediately based on a sexual or genetic 

 basis are also known, as follows: 



1. Sysympaedia are combinations of sympaedia, such as occur in 

 minnows. 



2. Syngynopaedia consist of two gynopaedia which have united as 

 may happen with ants, or seals {Phoca gruenlandica) , or wild hog^ 

 {Sus scrofa) 



