28 ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS 



3. Sympatrogynopaedia are combinations of at least two patro- 

 gynopaedia, and are known in monkeys, marmots, elephants, ante- 

 lopes, and many other mammals. 



4. Adoption societies are those in which a female takes offspring 

 from the same species. They are known for birds and mammals, for 

 example among the wild hogs (Stis scrofa). 



5. 5}'waw(/r/a are groups of males which herd together. Thus, male 

 birds of several species are known to have this habit; and it is re- 

 ported to be common also among mammals, as in seals and ante- 

 lopes. 



6. Syngynia are similar groups of females, such as are formed by 

 the stickleback fishes. 



7. Symphagia, again, are feeding societies formed of several in- 

 dividuals, and illustrated by Necrophorus beetles during a portion of 

 their life. 



8. SyncJwria are societies united around a common place which 

 has some peculiarly favorable quality or qualities. They are well 

 illustrated by the common bird roosts, as of crows and robins, and, 

 among insects, as wasps and Mellisodes bees. (See chap, iv.) 



9. Syncheimadia are combined over-wintering societies, and may 

 be illustrated by solitary bees and coccinellid beetles. 



10. Symporia, again, are migration societies, such as swarms of 

 bees or flocks of migrating birds or mammals. 



11. Synepileia are marauding societies or hunting bands, such as 

 those of jackals and wolves.' 



12. Sympaigma are groups of individuals brought together in or- 

 der that they may engage in common play. Deegener cites the whirl- 

 igig beetles (Gyrinus) as examples. Schulz (1926) has investigated 

 this aggregation somewhat and concludes that play is not the prin- 

 cipal integrating factor; he believes that the greater security fur- 

 nished is the more important cause. Therefore he places them in the 

 next category. Brown and Hatch (1929) think that the collection of 

 gyrinid beetles is an example of a reaction to a general environ- 



' The American wolf pack apparently is usually a family affair, but may not always 

 be so (Seton, 1929). 



