30 ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS 



to live (Wasmann, 1901-2) in the runways made by various ter- 

 mites, receiving shelter and giving increased protection. Wheeler 

 (1913a), Emerson, and other students of social insects are agreed that 

 cases of reputed association in compound nests are in need of further 

 careful investigation. Wasmann calls this relationship phylacobiosis. 



4. Trophobobia exist when one species feeds upon the excretions 

 of or the waste of the other, and in turn provides protection for the 

 weaker species. This relationship is found between certain species of 

 ants and aphids. 



5. Symphilia are formed when one spfcv':ies receives food, protec- 

 tion^ and shelter from another, and in turn supplies excretions which 

 are apparently narcotic in nature. This relationship exists between 

 many ants and their myrmecocoles and between termites and ter- 

 miticoles. 



6. Dulobia are illustrated by the slave-making ants which raid 

 other colonies and carry off the young, which in time take over the 

 routine work of the colony into which they are carried, receiving in 

 return the advantages of being members of the given society. 



7. Adoption societies are formed by mutual adoption freely entered 

 into by both species, and without recognizable advantages or notice- 

 able harm for either. The ants, Formica consocians and F. incerta, 

 are said to form such societies. 



8. Heterosymphylacia , as in the homotypical symphylacia, furnish 

 increased protection for all individuals as a result of the social union. 

 Thus zebras and ostriches, or giraffes and elephants, are reported to 

 live together, thereby increasing the security of both constituent 

 species. 



9. A heterosynepileium occurs when more than two species of ani- 

 mals join forces and gain greater hunting efficiency for the group. 

 Different species of storks over-wintering in East Africa have been 

 observed to form common hunting bands and to conduct more or 

 less organized drives for concentrating scattered grasshoppers. 



10. Confoederata are recognized by Deegener as being societies of 

 unlike species united by mutual friendship or sympathy, and as 

 having no other basis. Crows and jackdaws, alone or with starhngs, 

 golden-crowned kinglets and titmice, common creepers and wood- 



