viii CONTENTS 



Page 



11. Determination of Optical rotation 49 



1 2 . Relationships between chemical constitution and biological properties 49 



13. Relationships between chemical constitution and colour 50 



14. Comparison with partially synthetic polyene pigments 50 



15. Determination of molecular weight 51 



References 5i 



VII. Relationships between the chemical constitution and colour of carotenoids 53 



References 59 



VIII. The synthesis of carotenoids 60 



References 64 



IX. The distribution of carotenoids in nature 66 



A. Carotenoids in plants 67 



1. Phanerogams 67 



a) Carotenoids in unexposed parts of plants 67 



b) Carotenoids in exposed parts of plants 67 



c) Carotenoids in blossoms 69 



d) Carotenoids in fruit and seeds 73 



2. Cryptogams 7^ 



B. Carotenoids in animals 82 



1. Invertebrates 82 



a) Arthropods 83 



b) Molluscs 84 



c) Echinoderms 86 



d) Worms 87 



e) Coelenterates and sponges 88 



/; Chordata 89 



2. Vertebrates 9° 



a) Mammals 90 



b) Birds 91 



c) Fish 95 



d) Amphibia 98 



e) Reptiles 98 



f) Miscellaneous 98 



References 99, 108 



Special Part 



^. Carotenoid hydrocarbons of known constitution 113 



1. Lycopene 113 



2. Prolycopene 125 



3. /5-Carotene 126 



4. a-Carotene 15° 



5. y-Carotene 161 



6. Pro-y-carotene 164 



References 165 



XI. Carotenoids of known structure containing hydroxyl groups 171 



1. Lycoxanthin 17^ 



2. Rubixanthin 172 



