CAROTENOIDS IN PLANTS 

 REFERENCES TO TABLE 20. 



1. Chargaff, E., and Lederer, E. (leSSt, Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 54, 383. 



2. Baumann, C. a., Steenbock, H., Ingraham, M. A., and Fred, E. B. (1933), 7. biol. Chem., 



103 339 



3. Skinner, C. E., and Gunderson, M. F. (1932), J. biol. Chem., 97, 53. 



4. Ingraham, M. A., and Baumann, C. A. (1934), J. Bact., 28, 31. 



5. Chargaff, E. (1933), Hoppe-Seyl. Z., 218, 223. 



6. ZOPF, W. (1891), Ber. dtsch. Bot. Ges., 9, 22. 



7. Haas, H. F., and Bushnell, L. D. (1944), J. Bact., 48, 219. 



8. Gard, F. B., and Denis, W. (191 1), J. exp. Med., 14, 606. 



9. Grundm.\NN, C, and Takeda, Y. (1937), Naturwiss., 25, 27. 



10. Takeda, Y., and Ohta, T. (1939), Hoppe-Seyl. Z., 258, 6. 



11. Charg.\ff, E., and Dieryck, J. (1932), Naturmss., 20, 872. 



12. INGRAHA.M, x\I. A., and Steenbock, H. (1935), Biochein. J., 29, 2553. 



13. Takeda, Y., and Ohta, T. (1939, 1940), Hoppe-Seyl. Z., 262. 168 ; 265, 233. 



14. Karrer, p., and SOLMSSEN, U. (1935, 1936), Helv. Chim. Acta, 18, 25, 1306 ; 19, 3, 1019. 



15. Karrer, P., Solmssen, U., and Konig, H. (1938), Helv. Chim. Acta., 21, 454. 



16. Karrer, P., and Konig, H. (1940), Helv. Chim. Acta, 23, 460. 



17. Reader, V. (1925), Biochem. J., 19, 1039. 



18. Chargaff, E. (1933), C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris, 197, 946. 



19. Nakamura, T. (1936), Bull. chem. Soc. Japan, 11, 176. 



20. Takeda, Y., and Ohta, T. (1941), Hoppe-Seyl. Z., 268, I. 



21. Van Niel, C. B., and SxMITH, J. H. C. (1935), Arch. Mikrobiol, 6, 219. 



22. POLGAR, A., v.AN NiEL, C B., and Zechmeister, L. (1944), Arch. Biochem., 5, 243. 



23. Karrer, P., and Solmssen, U. (1935), Helv. Chim. Acta, 18, 25. 



24. Gaffron, H. (1935), Biochem. Z., 279, 33. 



25. Karrer, P., and Solmssen, U. (1935), Helv. Chim. Acta, 18, 1306. 



26. SOBIN, B., and Stahly, G. L. (1942), J. Bact., 44, 265. 



27. Reimann, H. a., and Eklund, C. M. (1941), J. Bact., 42, 605. 



28. Lancester, E. R. (1893), Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 13, 408. 



29. Molisch, H. (1907), Die Purpurbacteria nach neuen Untersuchungen. Jena. 



30. Petter, H. F. xM. (1931), Amsterdam Akad. Wiss., 34- No. 10. 



31. Lederer, E. (1938), Bull. Soc. chim. Biol., 20, 611. 



32. Tltiian, G. (1950), Helv. Chim. Acta, 33, 1303. 



33. L£vY, R., Teissier, G., and Wurmser, R. (1935), Ann. Physiol. Physico-Chem., 1, 298. 



34. VoLK, W. A., and Pennington, D. (1950), Jf. Bact., 59, 169. 



35. Takeda, Y., and Ohta, T. (1944), J. Pharm. Soc. Japan, 64, 67. 



36. Lederer, E. (1951), Personal communication. 



37. Goodwin, T. W., and Osman, H. G. (1951), Unpublished observations. 



Bushnell ^^ found more deep-seated changes when the constitution 

 of the medium was altered. On nutrient agar, carotenes and neutral 

 xanthophylls were produced by Mycohact. lacticola, whilst on mineral 

 oil media, carotenes and astaxanthin, but no neutral xanthophylls, 

 appeared. The absence of neutral xanthophylls in the second case 

 suggests that astaxanthin is formed directly from carotenes, in the 

 same way as ketones or polyketones are the primary oxidation products 

 of synthetic paraffins on which Aspergillus versicolor is growing. ^ ^ ^ 

 Cultures or other species of Mycobacterium (M. phlei, M. leprae, and 

 M. smegmatis) produced pigment when grown on agar, but none 

 when cultured on hydrocarbon oils. ^ ^ Addition of olive oil to the 

 medium increased the carotenoid production of Mycohact. phlei 

 and the vapours of pine oil decreased it ^*'^, whilst the presence of 

 p-carotene and lutein (egg yolk pigment) inhibited growth but stimu- 

 lated carotenogenesis. 



(ii) Mineral Constituents 



Ingraham and Steenbock's ' ® investigations indicated that the 



125 



