Chapter 15 

 Order 4 Hypermastigina Grassi 



ALL members of this order are inhabitants of the alimentary 

 ,. canal of the termite or other insects. The cytoplasmic or- 

 ganization is of high complexity, although there is only a single 

 nucleus. Flagella are numerous and have their origin in blepharo- 

 plasts located at the anterior region of the body. In some species, 

 it has been established by Cleveland that there exists a true 

 symbiotic relationship between the host insects and the proto- 

 zoans (p. 24). Method of nutrition is either holozoic or saprozoic 

 (parasitic). No cytostome has been detected and bits of wood, 

 starch grains, and other food materials, are taken in by means of 

 pseudopodia. 



Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal fission; multiple divi- 

 sion has also been noted in some species under certain conditions, 

 while sexual reproduction has not been observed. Encystment 

 occurs in some genera of Lophomonadidae and certain species in- 

 habiting wood-roaches, in which moulting of the host insect leads 

 to encystment. Because of the peculiarity and complexity of their 

 structures and also of their common occurrence in termites, the 

 Hypermastigina have in recent years been frequently studied. 



Body without segmented appearance 



Flagella in spiral rows Family 1 Holomastigotidae 



Flagella not arranged in spiral rows 

 Flagella in one or more anterior tufts 



1 tuft of flagella Family 2 Lophomonadidae (p. 280) 



2 tufts of flagella Family 3 Hoplonymphidae (p. 282) 



4 tufts of flagella Family 4 Staurojoeninidae (p. 284) 



Several tufts (loriculae) Family 5 Kofoidiidae (p. 284) 



Flagella not arranged in tufts 



Posterior part without flagella 



Family 6 Trichonymphidae (p. 284) 



Flagella over entire body . Family 7 Eucomonymphidae (p. 286) 

 Body with segmented appearance. Family 8 Teratonymphidae (p. 287) 



Family 1 Holomastigotidae Janicki 



Flagella are arranged in spiral rows; posterior region may be 

 without flagella; the "anterior body" surrounds, or occurs near, 



277 



