HORMONES IN DIFFERENTIATION OF SEX 



151 



Robson, 1951; Grayhack, 1958). A survey of 

 a considerable literature on the local action 

 of sex hormones (Speert, 1948) indicates 

 that, with due consideration for such factors 

 as vascularity and method of application, 

 dual action in the above sense is chiefly a 

 matter of dosage. Larger doses may have 

 strong local effects accompanied, however, 

 by a definite "systemic" action on distant 

 structures. With small doses only local ef- 

 fects appear. Finally, it should be empha- 

 sized that localized activity has been dem- 

 onstrated under suitable conditions in the 

 case of many other endocrine glands and 

 their hormones.^^ 



Thus numerous parallels and resem- 

 blances may be adduced with respect to the 

 behavior of the hypothetical inductor sub- 

 stances and the local effects of sex hor- 

 mones. On the basis of their histologic ef- 

 fects on gonad differentiation, their mode of 

 distribution and range of action, and the 

 period during which they operate, it seems 

 that no clear or final distinctions can be 

 drawn. Although theoretically the possibil- 

 ity cannot be excluded that hormones act 

 indirectly on gonad differentiation by con- 

 trolling the existing inductor systems, there 

 are obvious advantages in postulating a 

 single humoral agency; theory is simplified 

 and hypothetic substances are replaced by 

 known entities (for further discussions of 

 this problem see Wolff, 1947; Jost, 1948a, 

 1953, 1955; Ponse, 1949; Burns, 1949, 

 1955b; Witschi, 1950, 1957). 



XIV. References 



AcKART, R. J. AND Leavy, S. 1939. Experimental 

 reversal of sex in salamanders by the injec- 

 tion of estrone. Proc. Soo. Exper. Biol. & Med., 

 42, 720-724. 



Ander.son, D., Billingh.am, R. E., L.mvip.son, G. H., 

 AND Medaw.ar, p. B. 1951. The use of skin 

 grafting to distinguish between monozygotic 

 and dizygotic twins in cattle. Heredity, 5, 

 379-397. 



Angevine, D. M. 1938. Pathologic anatomy of 

 hypophysis and adrenals in anencephalv. Arch. 

 Path., 26, 507-518. 



=*See Etkin (1936) Etkin and Huth (1939) 

 Gorbman (1950) foi- the pituitary-thyroid relation- 

 ship; Kaltenbach (1953a and b) for the thyroid 

 hormone; Katsch, Gordon and Charipper (1948) 

 and Weinstein, Schiller and Charipper (1950) for 

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 tissues. 



Baggett, B., Engel, L. L., Savard, K., and Dorfman, 

 R. I. 1956. The conversion of testosterone- 

 3-C" to C"-estradiol-17/3 by human ovarian 

 tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 221, 931-941. 



Barr, M. L. 1957. Cytologic tests of chromo- 

 somal sex. In Progress in Gynecology, \o\. 3, 

 pp. 131-141. New York: Grune and Stratton. 



B.ARR, M. L., AND Grumbach, M. M. 1958. Cy- 

 tologic tests of chromosomal sex in relation 

 to sexual anomalies in man. Recent Progr. 

 Hormone Res., 14, 225-344. 



Ba.scom, K. F. 1923. The interstitial cells of the 

 gonads of cattle, with especial reference to 

 their embryonic development and significance. 

 Am. J. Anat., 31, 223-259. 



Berthold, a. a. 1849. Transplantation der Ho- 

 den. Arch. Anat. Physiol, wiss. med., 16, 42- 

 46. 



Blizzard, R. M., and Alberts, M. 1956. Hypo- 

 pituitarism, hypoadrenalism, and hypogonad- 

 ism in the newborn infant. J. Pediat. 48, 782- 

 792. 



Bouin, p., and Ancel, P. 1903. Sur la signification 

 de la glande interstitielle du testicule em- 

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 1684. 



Bradley, E. M. 1941. Sex differentiation of chick 

 and duck gonads as studied in homoplastic and 

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Brewer, D. B. 1957. Congenital absence of the 

 pituitary gland and its consequences. J. Path., 

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Bronski, M. 1950. Development of embryonic 

 guinea pig Miillerian ducts in anterior eye 

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 Med., 75, 426-429. 



Bruner, J. A. 1952. Further quantitative studies 

 on the effects of androgens on sex determina- 

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 564. 



Bruner, J. A., and Witschi, E. 1946. Testos- 

 terone-induced modifications of sex develop- 

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 293-320. 



Burns, R. K. 1924. The sex of parabiotic twins 

 in amphibians (abst.). Anat. Rec, 27, 198. 



Burns. R. K. 1925. The sex of parabiotic twins 

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Burns, R. K. 1928. The transplantation of larval 

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Burns, R. K. 1930. The process of sex trans- 

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Burns, R. K. 1931. The process of sex trans- 

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Burns, R. K. 1934. The transplantation of the 

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