HIDEYO NOGUCHI 483 



(or orthodontiim) and skoliodontum, the latter being the smallest treponema known 

 [Fig. 106]. These minute forms have not been cultivated. Hoffmann' has also found 

 in many mouths a leptospira which he has named Leptospira trimerodonta. Perrin^ 

 has described Leptospira dentate found in the pus of bucco-maxillary gangrene. 



SPIROCHETES OF THE GENITALIA (fIGS. II2-Ii8) 



Analysis of the spirochetal inhabitants of the normal genitalia shows that three 

 distinct types of treponema are present: the large, coarse type seen by Schaudinn 

 and Hoffmann^ and given by them the species name refrin;;ens (Figs. 11 2-13); the 

 medium-sized type which the writer cultivated from a condyloma'' and later^ found 

 to be present commonly in smegma, Treponema calligyrum (Figs. 114-15); and a 

 minute type, constantly present, which the writer first named Treponema minutum^ 

 but changed to Treponema genitalis^ on finding that the specific name minutum was 

 preoccupied.^ 



T. genitalis (Figs. 11 6-1 8) is decidedly smaller than T. pallidum and has rela- 

 tively larger spirals and more of them in a given length. It resembles T. microdentium 

 of the mouth in appearance but differs in being non-odor producing and immuno- 

 logically specific. 



T. calligyrum is easily confused with T. pallidum, especially in culture (Fig. 115). 

 It is about the same length but somewhat thicker and has rather deep spirals, not 

 so closely set. 



T. rejringens (Figs. 11 2-13) is readily dift'erentiated from T. pallidum on dark- 

 field examination by its greater thickness and by its tendency to constantly chang- 

 ing curves. 



Stoddard*^ has reported having found leptospira-like spirochetes in the urine of 

 normal persons. 



Treponema vincenti was first seen by Vincent in tropical ulcer in 1896; later he 

 found it also in ulcerative stomatitis (Vincent's angina). It was named by Blanchard' 

 in igo6. Prowazek, who thought the organism was the cause of tropical ulcer, de- 

 scribed the organism anew and called it T. schaudinni,^" in 1907. Treponema schau- 

 dinni, therefore, is a synonym of T. vincenti. 



T. noguchii was found by Strong" in a type of skin ulcer which he called "dermal 

 spirochetosis," consisting of nodular, warty growths which are 5 mm.-2.5 cm. high, 

 1-3 cm. in diameter, and may ulcerate. Fresh preparations from the moist surface 

 under the papules show the spirochetes to be more numerous than are the spirochetes 



'Hoffmann, E.: Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 46, 625. 1920; Ccntralbl. f. Bakteriol., 86, 134. 1921. 



2 Perrin, T. G.: Rev. mex. de bioL, 2, 171. 1922; Gac. vied, do Mexico, 55, 1923. 



3 Schaudinn, F., and Hoffmann, E.: Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 31, 1728. 1905. 

 ''Noguchi, H.: /. Exper. Med., 17, 89. 1913. 



sNoguchi, H.: ibid., 27, 667. 1918; 28, 559. 1918. 



^Noguchi, H.: Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis, p. 260. New York, 1923. 



' Dobell, C: Arch.f. Protistenk., 26, 117. 1912. 



* Stoddard, J. L.: Brit. M. J., 2, 416. 191 7. 



' Blanchard, R.: loc.cit. 



'"von Prowazek, S.: Arch.f. Protistenk., 10, 129. 1906. "Strong, R. P.: loc.cit. 



