550 THE BACTERIOPHAGE 



strain' indicates that the conception of D'Herelle does not explain the phenomenon 

 satisfactorily. Furthermore, the pecuharities differentiating the secondary from the 

 primary cultures are not limited to the former's resistance to phage. The differ- 

 ences in the behavior of secondary cultures are usually so numerous and often so 

 marked as to complicate identification of the species.^ There seems to be no analogy 

 between these changes and those undergone by animals in the course of immuniza- 

 tion. 



For instance, resistant bacteria may differ from the original cultures in the type 

 of colony,^ in morphology, and in size of individual bacteria, ^ and in motihty.^ Many 

 authors have observed that resistants may differ from original cultures in their cul- 

 tural characteristics, involving, for example, marked deviation in the power to fer- 

 ment carbohydrates.'' Although the changes in serological properties are not general 

 and sometimes variable,* in many instances the serologic identification of resistants 

 is rendered difficult on account of the frequent loss of agglutinability.' Very striking 

 transformations in secondary cultures were observed also in connection with general 

 viability," thermoresistance, and particularly in connection with virulence which is 

 often increased," though sometimes diminished or lost." In some instances the loss 

 of virulence is only temporary and is regained, in the absence of phage, as the cul- 

 tures recover susceptibility to lysis during prolonged cultivation.'^ 



Although it is evident that the presence of bacteriophage may be responsible for 

 these transformations of the cultures, it is difficult to perceive how such changes could 



' Bruynoghe, R.: loc. cit.; Hoder, F.: loc. cil.; Gratia, A.: he. cit.; Matsumoto, T.: Centralhl 

 f. BakterioL, Orig., 91, 413. 1924; Wien kiln. Wchnschr., 36, 759. 1923; Bail, O.: loc. cit. Although 

 D'Herelle admits that this is true exceptionally, in general he claims that "a bacterium which once 

 became refractory to the action of one race of bacteriophage is refractory to the action of all other 

 races" {The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior, -p. 239. 1926). 



= Grumbach, A., and Dimtza, A.: loe. cit.; Seiffert, W.: Seuchenbekdmpfung, 2, 203. 1925. 



3 Button, L. O.: loe. cit.; Manninger, R.: loc. eit.; Arkwright, J. A.: loc. eit.; Gj0rup, E., loc. 

 cil.; d'Herelle, F.; Compt. rend. Soc. de bioL, 83, 97. 1920. 



"I Manninger, R. : /oc. c?7.; Burnet, F. M.: /oc. a/.; Kauffmann, F.: /or. f//.; d'Herelle, F.: Compt. 

 rend. Soc. de biol., 83, 97. 1920; ibid., 84, 384. 192 1; d'Herelle, F., and Hauduroy, P.: ibid., 93, 1288. 

 1923. 



sBordet, J., and Ciuca, M.: loc. cit.; Fejgin, B.: ibid., 89, 1381. 1923. 



^ Fejgin, B.: loc. cit.; Hadley, P.: op. eit., 34, 260. 1924; Gratia, A.: /. Exper. Med. 35, 287. 

 1922; Ogata, N. : Ztsehr.f. Immunitdtsforsch. ti. exper. Therap., 45, 405. 1925. 



7 Bronfenbrenner, J., Muckenfuss, R., and Korb, C.: loc. cit.; Fejgin, B.: loc. cit.; Bruynoghe, 

 R., and Dubois, A.: ibid., 96, 209. 1927. 



* Gratia, A.: /. Exper. Med., 35, 287. 1922; Brutsaert, P.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 90, 645. 

 1924. 



9 Marcuse, K.: loc. cit.; Kauflfmann, F.: loc. cil.; d'Herelle, F.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 83, 

 97. 1920; Hoder, F.: op. cit., 44, 423. 1925; Hoder, F., and Suzuki, K.: ibid., 49, 361. 1926. 



"d'Herelle, F.: Le Bacteriophage, "Monographies de I'lnstitut Pasteur," p. 93. 1921; d'Herelle, 

 F., and Hauduroy, P.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 93, 1288. 1925; Fejgin, B.: loc. cit. 



" Bordet, J., and Ciuca, M.: loc. cit.; Button, L. O.: loc. eit.; Kauffmann, F.: loc. cit. 



" Fejgin, B.: loc. cit.; Blair, J. E.: loc. cit.; Bronfenbrenner, J. E., Muckenfuss, R., and Korb, C.: 

 loc. cit. 



'3 Bronfenbrenner, J., Muckenfuss, R., and Korb, C: loc. cit. 



